AMD64 specific boot options

There are many others (usually documented in driver documentation), but
only the AMD64 specific ones are listed here.

Machine check

   Please see Documentation/x86/x86_64/machinecheck for sysfs runtime tunables.

   mce=off
		Disable machine check
   mce=no_cmci
		Disable CMCI(Corrected Machine Check Interrupt) that
		Intel processor supports.  Usually this disablement is
		not recommended, but it might be handy if your hardware
		is misbehaving.
		Note that you'll get more problems without CMCI than with
		due to the shared banks, i.e. you might get duplicated
		error logs.
   mce=dont_log_ce
		Don't make logs for corrected errors.  All events reported
		as corrected are silently cleared by OS.
		This option will be useful if you have no interest in any
		of corrected errors.
   mce=ignore_ce
		Disable features for corrected errors, e.g. polling timer
		and CMCI.  All events reported as corrected are not cleared
		by OS and remained in its error banks.
		Usually this disablement is not recommended, however if
		there is an agent checking/clearing corrected errors
		(e.g. BIOS or hardware monitoring applications), conflicting
		with OS's error handling, and you cannot deactivate the agent,
		then this option will be a help.
   mce=bootlog
		Enable logging of machine checks left over from booting.
		Disabled by default on AMD because some BIOS leave bogus ones.
		If your BIOS doesn't do that it's a good idea to enable though
		to make sure you log even machine check events that result
		in a reboot. On Intel systems it is enabled by default.
   mce=nobootlog
		Disable boot machine check logging.
   mce=tolerancelevel[,monarchtimeout] (number,number)
		tolerance levels:
		0: always panic on uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
		1: panic or SIGBUS on uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
		2: SIGBUS or log uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
		3: never panic or SIGBUS, log all errors (for testing only)
		Default is 1
		Can be also set using sysfs which is preferable.
		monarchtimeout:
		Sets the time in us to wait for other CPUs on machine checks. 0
		to disable.
   mce=bios_cmci_threshold
		Don't overwrite the bios-set CMCI threshold. This boot option
		prevents Linux from overwriting the CMCI threshold set by the
		bios. Without this option, Linux always sets the CMCI
		threshold to 1. Enabling this may make memory predictive failure
		analysis less effective if the bios sets thresholds for memory
		errors since we will not see details for all errors.

   nomce (for compatibility with i386): same as mce=off

   Everything else is in sysfs now.

APICs

   apic		 Use IO-APIC. Default

   noapic	 Don't use the IO-APIC.

   disableapic	 Don't use the local APIC

   nolapic	 Don't use the local APIC (alias for i386 compatibility)

   pirq=...	 See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt

   noapictimer	 Don't set up the APIC timer

   no_timer_check Don't check the IO-APIC timer. This can work around
		 problems with incorrect timer initialization on some boards.

   apicmaintimer Run time keeping from the local APIC timer instead
                 of using the PIT/HPET interrupt for this. This is useful
                 when the PIT/HPET interrupts are unreliable.

   noapicmaintimer  Don't do time keeping using the APIC timer.
		 Useful when this option was auto selected, but doesn't work.

   apicpmtimer
		 Do APIC timer calibration using the pmtimer. Implies
		 apicmaintimer. Useful when your PIT timer is totally
		 broken.

Early Console

   syntax: earlyprintk=vga
           earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]

   The early console is useful when the kernel crashes before the
   normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
   default because it has some cosmetic problems.
   Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console takes over.
   Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
   Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
   Interaction with the standard serial driver is not very good.
   The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real console.

Timing

  notsc
  Don't use the CPU time stamp counter to read the wall time.
  This can be used to work around timing problems on multiprocessor systems
  with not properly synchronized CPUs.

  report_lost_ticks
  Report when timer interrupts are lost because some code turned off
  interrupts for too long.

  nohpet
  Don't use the HPET timer.

Idle loop

  idle=poll
  Don't do power saving in the idle loop using HLT, but poll for rescheduling
  event. This will make the CPUs eat a lot more power, but may be useful
  to get slightly better performance in multiprocessor benchmarks. It also
  makes some profiling using performance counters more accurate.
  Please note that on systems with MONITOR/MWAIT support (like Intel EM64T
  CPUs) this option has no performance advantage over the normal idle loop.
  It may also interact badly with hyperthreading.

Rebooting

   reboot=b[ios] | t[riple] | k[bd] | a[cpi] | e[fi] [, [w]arm | [c]old]
   bios	  Use the CPU reboot vector for warm reset
   warm   Don't set the cold reboot flag
   cold   Set the cold reboot flag
   triple Force a triple fault (init)
   kbd    Use the keyboard controller. cold reset (default)
   acpi   Use the ACPI RESET_REG in the FADT. If ACPI is not configured or the
          ACPI reset does not work, the reboot path attempts the reset using
          the keyboard controller.
   efi    Use efi reset_system runtime service. If EFI is not configured or the
          EFI reset does not work, the reboot path attempts the reset using
          the keyboard controller.

   Using warm reset will be much faster especially on big memory
   systems because the BIOS will not go through the memory check.
   Disadvantage is that not all hardware will be completely reinitialized
   on reboot so there may be boot problems on some systems.

   reboot=force

   Don't stop other CPUs on reboot. This can make reboot more reliable
   in some cases.

Non Executable Mappings

  noexec=on|off

  on      Enable(default)
  off     Disable

SMP

  additional_cpus=NUM Allow NUM more CPUs for hotplug
		 (defaults are specified by the BIOS, see Documentation/x86/x86_64/cpu-hotplug-spec)

NUMA

  numa=off	Only set up a single NUMA node spanning all memory.

  numa=noacpi   Don't parse the SRAT table for NUMA setup

  numa=fake=<size>[MG]
		If given as a memory unit, fills all system RAM with nodes of
		size interleaved over physical nodes.

  numa=fake=<N>
		If given as an integer, fills all system RAM with N fake nodes
		interleaved over physical nodes.

ACPI

  acpi=off	Don't enable ACPI
  acpi=ht	Use ACPI boot table parsing, but don't enable ACPI
		interpreter
  acpi=force	Force ACPI on (currently not needed)

  acpi=strict   Disable out of spec ACPI workarounds.

  acpi_sci={edge,level,high,low}  Set up ACPI SCI interrupt.

  acpi=noirq	Don't route interrupts

PCI

  pci=off		Don't use PCI
  pci=conf1		Use conf1 access.
  pci=conf2		Use conf2 access.
  pci=rom		Assign ROMs.
  pci=assign-busses	Assign busses
  pci=irqmask=MASK	Set PCI interrupt mask to MASK
  pci=lastbus=NUMBER	Scan up to NUMBER busses, no matter what the mptable says.
  pci=noacpi		Don't use ACPI to set up PCI interrupt routing.

IOMMU (input/output memory management unit)

 Currently four x86-64 PCI-DMA mapping implementations exist:

   1. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-nommu.c>: use no hardware/software IOMMU at all
      (e.g. because you have < 3 GB memory).
      Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Disabling IOMMU"

   2. <arch/x86/kernel/amd_gart_64.c>: AMD GART based hardware IOMMU.
      Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: using GART IOMMU"

   3. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-swiotlb.c> : Software IOMMU implementation. Used
      e.g. if there is no hardware IOMMU in the system and it is need because
      you have >3GB memory or told the kernel to us it (iommu=soft))
      Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering
      for IO (SWIOTLB)"

   4. <arch/x86_64/pci-calgary.c> : IBM Calgary hardware IOMMU. Used in IBM
      pSeries and xSeries servers. This hardware IOMMU supports DMA address
      mapping with memory protection, etc.
      Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Using Calgary IOMMU"

 iommu=[<size>][,noagp][,off][,force][,noforce][,leak[=<nr_of_leak_pages>]
	[,memaper[=<order>]][,merge][,forcesac][,fullflush][,nomerge]
	[,noaperture][,calgary]

  General iommu options:
    off                Don't initialize and use any kind of IOMMU.
    noforce            Don't force hardware IOMMU usage when it is not needed.
                       (default).
    force              Force the use of the hardware IOMMU even when it is
                       not actually needed (e.g. because < 3 GB memory).
    soft               Use software bounce buffering (SWIOTLB) (default for
                       Intel machines). This can be used to prevent the usage
                       of an available hardware IOMMU.

  iommu options only relevant to the AMD GART hardware IOMMU:
    <size>             Set the size of the remapping area in bytes.
    allowed            Overwrite iommu off workarounds for specific chipsets.
    fullflush          Flush IOMMU on each allocation (default).
    nofullflush        Don't use IOMMU fullflush.
    leak               Turn on simple iommu leak tracing (only when
                       CONFIG_IOMMU_LEAK is on). Default number of leak pages
                       is 20.
    memaper[=<order>]  Allocate an own aperture over RAM with size 32MB<<order.
                       (default: order=1, i.e. 64MB)
    merge              Do scatter-gather (SG) merging. Implies "force"
                       (experimental).
    nomerge            Don't do scatter-gather (SG) merging.
    noaperture         Ask the IOMMU not to touch the aperture for AGP.
    forcesac           Force single-address cycle (SAC) mode for masks <40bits
                       (experimental).
    noagp              Don't initialize the AGP driver and use full aperture.
    allowdac           Allow double-address cycle (DAC) mode, i.e. DMA >4GB.
                       DAC is used with 32-bit PCI to push a 64-bit address in
                       two cycles. When off all DMA over >4GB is forced through
                       an IOMMU or software bounce buffering.
    nodac              Forbid DAC mode, i.e. DMA >4GB.
    panic              Always panic when IOMMU overflows.
    calgary            Use the Calgary IOMMU if it is available

  iommu options only relevant to the software bounce buffering (SWIOTLB) IOMMU
  implementation:
    swiotlb=<pages>[,force]
    <pages>            Prereserve that many 128K pages for the software IO
                       bounce buffering.
    force              Force all IO through the software TLB.

  Settings for the IBM Calgary hardware IOMMU currently found in IBM
  pSeries and xSeries machines:

    calgary=[64k,128k,256k,512k,1M,2M,4M,8M]
    calgary=[translate_empty_slots]
    calgary=[disable=<PCI bus number>]
    panic              Always panic when IOMMU overflows

    64k,...,8M - Set the size of each PCI slot's translation table
    when using the Calgary IOMMU. This is the size of the translation
    table itself in main memory. The smallest table, 64k, covers an IO
    space of 32MB; the largest, 8MB table, can cover an IO space of
    4GB. Normally the kernel will make the right choice by itself.

    translate_empty_slots - Enable translation even on slots that have
    no devices attached to them, in case a device will be hotplugged
    in the future.

    disable=<PCI bus number> - Disable translation on a given PHB. For
    example, the built-in graphics adapter resides on the first bridge
    (PCI bus number 0); if translation (isolation) is enabled on this
    bridge, X servers that access the hardware directly from user
    space might stop working. Use this option if you have devices that
    are accessed from userspace directly on some PCI host bridge.

Debugging

  kstack=N	Print N words from the kernel stack in oops dumps.

  pagefaulttrace  Dump all page faults. Only useful for extreme debugging
		and will create a lot of output.

  call_trace=[old|both|newfallback|new]
		old: use old inexact backtracer
		new: use new exact dwarf2 unwinder
 		both: print entries from both
		newfallback: use new unwinder but fall back to old if it gets
			stuck (default)

Miscellaneous

	nogbpages
		Do not use GB pages for kernel direct mappings.
	gbpages
		Use GB pages for kernel direct mappings.