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<H1 class="no-header">curs_util 3x</H1>
<PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>                                             <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>


</PRE>
<H2><a name="h2-NAME">NAME</a></H2><PRE>
       <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>, <STRONG>filter</STRONG>, <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>, <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>,
       <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>, <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>, <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> -
       miscellaneous <STRONG>curses</STRONG> utility routines


</PRE>
<H2><a name="h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></H2><PRE>
       <STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG>&lt;curses.h&gt;</STRONG>

       <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*unctrl(chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*wunctrl(cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*c);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*keyname(int</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*key_name(wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>w);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>filter(void);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>nofilter(void);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_env(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_tioctl(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>putwin(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*getwin(FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>delay_output(int</STRONG> <STRONG>ms);</STRONG>
       <STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>flushinp(void);</STRONG>


</PRE>
<H2><a name="h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></H2><PRE>

</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>  routine returns a character string which is a
       printable representation of the character <EM>c</EM>, ignoring  at-
       tributes.   Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> no-
       tation.  Printing characters are  displayed  as  is.   The
       corresponding  <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG>  returns a printable representation
       of a wide character.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> routine returns a character string correspond-
       ing to the key <EM>c</EM>:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Printable  characters  are  displayed  as  themselves,
           e.g., a one-character string containing the key.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   DEL (character 127) is displayed as <STRONG>^?</STRONG>.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Values above 128 are either meta  characters  (if  the
           screen  has  not been initialized, or if <STRONG>meta</STRONG> has been
           called with a <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> parameter), shown in the <STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM>  nota-
           tion,  or  are displayed as themselves.  In the latter
           case, the values may not be  printable;  this  follows
           the X/Open specification.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Values  above  256  may  be  the names of the names of
           function keys.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Otherwise (if there  is  no  corresponding  name)  the
           function returns null, to denote an error.  X/Open al-
           so lists an "UNKNOWN KEY" return value, which some im-
           plementations return rather than null.

       The corresponding <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> returns a character string cor-
       responding to the wide-character value <EM>w</EM>.  The  two  func-
       tions  do  not  return the same set of strings; the latter
       returns null where the former would display a meta charac-
       ter.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine, if used, must be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>
       or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called.  The effect is that,  during  those
       calls,  <STRONG>LINES</STRONG>  is  set  to 1; the capabilities <STRONG>clear</STRONG>, <STRONG>cup</STRONG>,
       <STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>,  <STRONG>vpa</STRONG>  are  disabled;  and  the  <STRONG>home</STRONG>
       string is set to the value of <STRONG>cr</STRONG>.

       The  <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>  routine  cancels  the effect of a preceding
       <STRONG>filter</STRONG> call.  That  allows  the  caller  to  initialize  a
       screen  on  a different device, using a different value of
       <STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>.  The limitation arises because the  <STRONG>filter</STRONG>  routine
       modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-use_env">use_env</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>  routine,  if  used,  should be called before
       <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those  compute  the
       screen size).  It modifies the way <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> treats environ-
       ment variables when determining the screen size.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Normally ncurses looks first at the terminal  database
           for the screen size.

           If  <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>  was  called  with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> for parameter, it
           stops here unless If <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> was also  called  with
           <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> for parameter.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Then  it asks for the screen size via operating system
           calls.  If successful, it overrides  the  values  from
           the terminal database.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Finally  (unless <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> parame-
           ter), ncurses examines the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or  <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG>  environ-
           ment variables, using a value in those to override the
           results from the operating system  or  terminal  data-
           base.

           Ncurses  also  updates  the screen size in response to
           SIGWINCH, unless overridden by the  <STRONG>LINES</STRONG>  or  <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG>
           environment variables,


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>  routine, if used, should be called before
       <STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those  compute  the
       screen  size).  After <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> is called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> as an
       argument, ncurses modifies the last step in  its  computa-
       tion of screen size as follows:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   checks  if the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables
           are set to a number greater than zero.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   for each, ncurses updates the  corresponding  environ-
           ment  variable with the value that it has obtained via
           operating system call or from the terminal database.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   ncurses re-fetches the value of the environment  vari-
           ables  so  that  it is still the environment variables
           which set the screen size.

       The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines combine as  summarized
       here:

     <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>env</EM>   <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>tioctl</EM>   <EM>Summary</EM>
     ----------------------------------------------------------------


     TRUE      FALSE        This  is  the default behavior.  ncurses
                            uses operating system calls unless over-
                            ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment
                            variables.
     TRUE      TRUE         ncurses  updates  $LINES  and   $COLUMNS
                            based on operating system calls.
     FALSE     TRUE         ncurses ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us-
                            es  operating  system  calls  to  obtain
                            size.
     FALSE     FALSE        ncurses  relies on the terminal database
                            to determine size.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> routine writes all data associated with  window
       (or  pad)  <EM>win</EM>  into the file to which <EM>filep</EM> points.  This
       information can be later retrieved using the <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>  func-
       tion.

       The <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> routine reads window related data stored in the
       file by <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>.  The routine then creates and  initializes
       a new window using that data.  It returns a pointer to the
       new window.  There are a few caveats:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the data written is a copy of  the  <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>  structure,
           and  its  associated character cells.  The format dif-
           fers between the wide-character  (ncursesw)  and  non-
           wide  (ncurses)  libraries.  You can transfer data be-
           tween the two, however.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the retrieved window is always created as a  top-level
           window (or pad), rather than a subwindow.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the  window's  character  cells contain the color pair
           <EM>value</EM>, but not the actual color <EM>numbers</EM>.  If cells  in
           the  retrieved  window  use color pairs which have not
           been created in the application using <STRONG>init_pair</STRONG>,  they
           will not be colored when the window is refreshed.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>  routine inserts an <EM>ms</EM> millisecond pause
       in output.  This routine should not  be  used  extensively
       because  padding  characters  are  used  rather than a CPU
       pause.  If no padding character is  specified,  this  uses
       <STRONG>napms</STRONG> to perform the delay.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></H3><PRE>
       The  <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>  routine  throws away any typeahead that has
       been typed by the user and has not yet been  read  by  the
       program.


</PRE>
<H2><a name="h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></H2><PRE>
       Except  for  <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, routines that return an integer re-
       turn <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 specifies only "an  in-
       teger value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful completion.

       Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.

       X/Open  does not define any error conditions.  In this im-
       plementation

          <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>
               returns an error if the terminal was not  initial-
               ized.

          <STRONG>meta</STRONG> returns  an error if the terminal was not initial-
               ized.

          <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>
               returns an error if the  associated  <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG>  calls
               return an error.


</PRE>
<H2><a name="h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a></H2><PRE>

</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-filter">filter</a></H3><PRE>
       The SVr4 documentation describes the action of <STRONG>filter</STRONG> only
       in the vaguest terms.  The  description  here  is  adapted
       from  the  XSI Curses standard (which erroneously fails to
       describe the disabling of <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>).


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-keyname">keyname</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> function may return the names of  user-defined
       string  capabilities which are defined in the terminfo en-
       try via the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>.  This  implementation  auto-
       matically  assigns  at  run-time  keycodes to user-defined
       strings which begin  with  "k".   The  keycodes  start  at
       KEY_MAX,  but  are not guaranteed to be the same value for
       different runs because user-defined codes are merged  from
       all  terminal  descriptions  which  have been loaded.  The
       <STRONG>use_extended_names</STRONG> function controls whether this data  is
       loaded  when  the  terminal description is read by the li-
       brary.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>  and  <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>  routines  are  specific  to
       ncurses.   They  were  not  supported on Version 7, BSD or
       System V implementations.  It is recommended that any code
       depending  on  ncurses  extensions  be  conditioned  using
       NCURSES_VERSION.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></H3><PRE>
       The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> and <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> functions have several  issues  with
       portability:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   The  files  written and read by these functions use an
           implementation-specific format.  Although  the  format
           is  an obvious target for standardization, it has been
           overlooked.

           Interestingly enough, according to the copyright dates
           in Solaris source, the functions (along with <STRONG>scr_init</STRONG>,
           etc.) originated with the  University  of  California,
           Berkeley  (in  1982) and were later (in 1988) incorpo-
           rated into SVr4.  Oddly, there are no  such  functions
           in the 4.3BSD curses sources.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   Most  implementations  simply  dump  the binary <STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG>
           structure to the file.   These  include  SVr4  curses,
           NetBSD  and  PDCurses,  as  well as older ncurses ver-
           sions.  This implementation (as  well  as  the  X/Open
           variant  of  Solaris  curses, dated 1995) uses textual
           dumps.

           The implementations which use binary dumps use  block-
           I/O  (the <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> and <STRONG>fread</STRONG> functions).  Those that use
           textual dumps use buffered-I/O.   A  few  applications
           may happen to write extra data in the file using these
           functions.  Doing that can run  into  problems  mixing
           block-  and buffered-I/O.  This implementation reduces
           the problem on writes by flushing the output.   Howev-
           er,  reading  from  a file written using mixed schemes
           may not be successful.


</PRE>
<H3><a name="h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></H3><PRE>
       The XSI Curses standard, Issue  4  describes  these  func-
       tions.   It  states  that <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> will return a
       null pointer if unsuccessful, but does not define any  er-
       ror conditions.  This implementation checks for three cas-
       es:

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code.  This  is  the
           case that X/Open Curses documented.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1 con-
           trol code.  If <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> has been called  with
           a  <STRONG>2</STRONG>  parameter, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> returns the parameter, i.e., a
           one-character string with the parameter as  the  first
           character.   Otherwise,  it  returns "~@", "~A", etc.,
           analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls.

           X/Open Curses does not document whether <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> can  be
           called  before  initializing curses.  This implementa-
           tion permits that, and returns the "~@", etc.,  values
           in that case.

       <STRONG>o</STRONG>   parameter  values  outside the 0 to 255 range.  <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>
           returns a null pointer.

       The strings returned by <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> in this implementation  are
       determined  at  compile time, showing C1 controls from the
       upper-128 codes with a `~' prefix rather than `^'.   Other
       implementations  have different conventions.  For example,
       they may show both sets of control  characters  with  `^',
       and  strip the parameter to 7 bits.  Or they may ignore C1
       controls and treat all of the upper-128  codes  as  print-
       able.  This implementation uses 8 bits but does not modify
       the string to reflect locale.  The <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> func-
       tion allows the caller to change the output of <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>.

       Likewise,  the  <STRONG>meta</STRONG>  function allows the caller to change
       the output of <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, i.e., it determines whether to  use
       the `M-' prefix for "meta" keys (codes in the range 128 to
       255).  Both <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> and <STRONG>meta</STRONG> succeed only  after
       curses  is  initialized.   X/Open Curses does not document
       the treatment of codes 128 to 159.  When treating them  as
       "meta"  keys  (or if <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> is called before initializing
       curses),  this  implementation  returns  strings   "M-^@",
       "M-^A", etc.


</PRE>
<H2><a name="h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></H2><PRE>
       <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_ker-</STRONG>
       <STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">nel(3x)</A></STRONG>,  <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>,   <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>,   <STRONG>lega-</STRONG>
       <STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">cy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>.


                                                          <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<div class="nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="#h2-NAME">NAME</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-unctrl">unctrl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-keyname_key_name">keyname/key_name</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-filter_nofilter">filter/nofilter</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-use_env">use_env</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-use_tioctl">use_tioctl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-delay_output">delay_output</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-flushinp">flushinp</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-RETURN-VALUE">RETURN VALUE</a></li>
<li><a href="#h2-PORTABILITY">PORTABILITY</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#h3-filter">filter</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-keyname">keyname</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-nofilter_use_tioctl">nofilter/use_tioctl</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-putwin_getwin">putwin/getwin</a></li>
<li><a href="#h3-unctrl_wunctrl">unctrl/wunctrl</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#h2-SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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