[/==============================================================================
    Copyright (C) 2001-2010 Joel de Guzman
    Copyright (C) 2001-2010 Hartmut Kaiser

    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
    file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
===============================================================================/]

[section Warming up]

Learning how to use __karma__ is really simple. We will start from trivial
examples, ramping up as we go.


[heading Trivial Example #1 Generating a number]

Let's create a generator that will output a floating-point number:

    double_

Easy huh? The above code actually instantiates a Spirit floating point 
generator (a built-in generator). Spirit has many pre-defined generators and 
consistent naming conventions will help you finding your way through the maze.
Especially important to note is that things related to identical entities (as
in this case, floating point numbers) are named identically in __karma__ and in 
__qi__. Actually, both libraries are using the very same variable instance to 
refer to a floating point generator or parser: `double_`.


[heading Trivial Example #2 Generating two numbers]

Now, let's create a generator that will output a line consisting of two 
floating-point numbers.

    double_ << double_

Here you see the familiar floating-point numeric generator `double_` used twice,
once for each number. If you are used to see the `'>>'` operator for concatenating
two parsers in __qi__ you might wonder, what's that `'<<'` operator doing in 
there? We decided to distinguish generating and parsing of sequences the same 
way as the std::stream libraries do: we use operator `'>>'` for input (parsing),
and operator `'<<'` for output (generating). Other than that there is no 
significant difference. The above program creates a generator from two simpler 
generators, glueing them together with the sequence operator. The result is a 
generator that is a composition of smaller generators. Whitespace between 
numbers can implicitly be inserted depending on how the generator is invoked 
(see below).

[note When we combine generators, we end up with a "bigger" generator, but
  it's still a generator. Generators can get bigger and bigger, nesting more 
  and more, but whenever you glue two generators together, you end up with one 
  bigger generator. This is an important concept.
]


[heading Trivial Example #3 Generating one or more numbers]

Now, creating output for two numbers is not too interesting. Let's create a 
generator that will output zero or more floating-point numbers in a row.

    *double_

This is like a regular-expression Kleene Star. We moved the `*` to the front for
the same reasons we did in __qi__: we must work with the syntax rules of C++.
But if you know regular expressions (and for sure you remember those C++ syntax 
rules) it will start to look very familiar in a matter of a very short time. 

Any expression that evaluates to a generator may be used with the Kleene Star.
Keep in mind, though, that due to C++ operator precedence rules you may need
to put the expression in parentheses for complex expressions. As above, 
whitespace can be inserted implicitly in between the generated numbers, if 
needed.


[heading Trivial Example #4 Generating a comma-delimited list of numbers]

We follow the lead of __qi__'s warming up section and will create a generator
that produces a comma-delimited list of numbers.

    double_ << *(lit(',') << double_)

Notice `lit(',')`. It is a literal character generator that simply generates
the comma `','`. In this case, the Kleene Star is modifying a more complex 
generator, namely, the one generated by the expression:

    (lit(',') << double_)

Note that this is a case where the parentheses are necessary. The Kleene Star
encloses the complete expression above, repeating the whole pattern in the 
generated output zero or more times.

[heading Let's Generate!]

We're done with defining the generator. All that's left is to invoke the 
generator to do its work. For now, we will use the `generate_delimited` function. 
One overload of this function accepts four arguments:

# An output iterator accepting the generated characters
# The generator expression
# Another generator called the delimiting generator
# The data to format and output

While comparing this minimal example with an equivalent parser example we 
notice a significant difference. It is possible (and actually, it makes a lot 
of sense) to use a parser without creating any internal representation of the
parsed input (i.e. without 'producing' any data from the parsed input). Using 
a parser in this mode checks the provided input against
the given parser expression allowing to verify whether the input is parsable.
For generators this mode doesn't make any sense. What is output generation 
without generating any output? So we always will have to supply the data the 
output should be generated from. In our example we supply a list of `double`
numbers as the last parameter to the function `generate_delimited` (see code 
below).

In this example, we wish to delimit the generated numbers by spaces. Another 
generator named `space` is included in Spirit's repertoire of predefined 
generators. It is a very trivial generator that simply produces spaces. It is
the equivalent to writing `lit(' ')`, or simply `' '`. It has been 
implemented for similarity with the corresponding predefined `space` parser. 
We will use `space` as our delimiter. The delimiter is the one responsible for 
inserting characters in between generator elements such as the `double_` and 
`lit`.

Ok, so now let's generate (for the complete source code of this example please 
refer to [@../../example/karma/num_list1.cpp num_list1.cpp]).

[import ../../example/karma/num_list1.cpp]
[tutorial_karma_numlist1]

[note You might wonder how a `vector<double>`, which is actually a single data 
      structure, can be used as an argument (we call it attribute) to a sequence
      of generators. This seems to be counter intuitive and doesn't match with
      your experience of using `printf`, where each formatting placeholder has
      to be matched with a corresponding argument. Well, we will explain this
      behavior in more detail later in this tutorial. For now just consider 
      this to be a special case, implemented on purpose to allow more flexible
      output formatting of STL containers: sequences accept a single container
      attribute if all elements of this sequence accept attributes compatible 
      with the elements held by this container.]

The generate function returns `true` or `false` depending on the result of the
output generation. As outlined in different places of this documentation, a 
generator may fail for different reasons. One of the possible reasons is an 
error in the underlying output iterator (memory exhausted or disk full, etc.).
Another reason might be that the data doesn't match the requirements of a 
particular generator.

[note `char` and `wchar_t` operands

    The careful reader may notice that the generator expression has `','` instead 
    of `lit(',')` as the previous examples did. This is ok due to C++ syntax 
    rules of conversion. Spirit provides `<<` operators that are overloaded to 
    accept a `char` or `wchar_t` argument on its left or right (but not both). 
    An operator may be overloaded if at least one of its parameters is a 
    user-defined type. In this case, the `double_` is the 2nd argument to 
    `operator<<`, and so the proper overload of `<<` is used, converting `','` 
    into a character literal generator.

    The problem with omitting the `lit` should be obvious: `'a' << 'b'` is not a
    spirit generator, it is a numeric expression, left-shifting the ASCII (or 
    another encoding) value of `'a'` by the ASCII value of `'b'`. However, both
    `lit('a') << 'b'` and `'a' << lit('b')` are Spirit sequence generators
    for the letter `'a'` followed by `'b'`. You'll get used to it, sooner or 
    later.
]

Note that we inlined the generator directly in the call to `generate_delimited`. 
Upon calling this function, the expression evaluates into a temporary, 
unnamed generator which is passed into the `generate_delimited` function, 
used, and then destroyed.

Here, we chose to make the generate function generic by making it a template, 
parameterized by the output iterator type. By doing so, it can put the generated 
data into any STL conforming output iterator.

[endsect] [/ Warming up]