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      <h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
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      <h1 align="center">Serialization</h1>
      <h2 align="center">Exception Safety</h2>
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The process of loading an archive may result in the creation of new objects.  That
same process may throw an exception at some point. In order to prevent memory leaks
and invalid pointers, these situations must be considered.  Unfortunately, there is
no simple universal solution to this problem.  The manner of addressing this must
depend on the design of the data structures to be serialized.  Below, we discuss
varying scenarios in increasing order of difficulty.  This discussion presumes that
the class member functions are exception safe before considering serialization.  
That is, the destructor could be called at anytime without referencing 
an invalid pointer, or creating a memory leak.
<ol>
    <li><h4>class contains no pointers</h4>
    No problem here.
    <p>
    <li><h4>class contains only <i>owned</i> pointers</h4>
    From here on, we have to make a distinction between pointers used
    to manage heap storage (<i>owned</i> pointers) and pointers used to refer
    to related objects (<i>referenced</i> pointers).  Programs containing <i>owned</i>
    pointers must contain code for deleting these objects and returning the
    deallocated storage to the heap.  Programs containing <i>referenced</i> pointers
    must be designed to ensure that no such <i>referenced</i> pointers are de-referenced
    after the object pointed to has been destroyed and its storage returned
    to the heap. If a pointer is stored in only one place, it must be an <i>owned</i>
    pointer.
    <p>
    The load function traps any exceptions that occur between the time an object
    is created and its pointer is stored.  Should an exception occur while
    reading an archive, the created object is deleted and the de-serialized
    pointer is set to NULL.  This ensures that there are no memory leaks.
    The fact that there are no other copies of this pointer ensures that
    no pointers are left invalid. The object's destructor should
    be able to delete any other existing objects in the normal manner
    without problem.
    <a href="../test/test_delete_pointer.cpp" target="test_delete_pointer.cpp">test_delete_pointer.cpp</a>
    illustrates this case.
    <p>
    <li><h4>class contains one or more <i>referenced</i> pointers</h4>
    This situation can be further subdivided into two cases
    <p>
    <ol>
        <li><h4><i>owned</i> pointers are always serialized before <i>referenced</i> pointers</h4>
        Object tracking will ensure that no new objects will be created
        by the loading of a <i>referenced</i> pointer.
        If an exception occurs, <i>referenced</i> pointers will not need to be deleted
        so there will be no memory leaks. The destructor of this class won't attempt to
        delete these pointers so there will be no problem with dangling references.
        <i>owned</i> pointers are handled exactly as described above.
        <p>
        <li><h4>class contains <i>referenced</i> pointers which might be created by load</h4>
        If a <i>referenced</i> pointer is loaded before its corresponding <i>owned</i>
        pointer, the object will be allocated on the heap.  In certain cases
        it cannot be known which pointers were created by their owners and which
        were created by the load function.  To address this:
        <ul>
        <li>Trap exceptions with a <code style="white-space: normal">try/catch</code> block.
        <li>Within the catch part, invoke the archive function 
        <code style="white-space: normal">delete_created_pointers()</code> to delete any pointers
        created by the class load.  Without out other action, objects created in
        this way would end up as memory leaks as they are not considered <i>owned</i>
        pointers and hence aren't destroyed.
        <li>The object's destructor won't try
        to delete <i>referenced</i> pointers so any dangling references will
        cause no harm.
    </ul>
    <a href="../example/demo_exception.cpp" target="demo_exception.cpp">demo_exception.cpp</a>
        is a program that illustrates this case.
        <p>
    </ol>
    <p>
    <li><h4>Other cases</h4>
    Situations not covered above are pointers for which the classifications of 
    <i>referenced</i> and <i>owned</i> are not applicable.  This might occur where
    pointers are created by one class but consumed and deleted by another.  These
    may be addressed with an ad hoc analysis similar to the above.  As the
    situation becomes more complex this becomes more difficult and error prone.
    Eventually, it will be have to addressed by building heap management into the
    pointer itself - that is into <code style="white-space: normal">boost::shared_ptr</code>. 
    The library includes serialization of <code style="white-space: normal">boost::shared_ptr</code>.  As
    previously mentioned, this required a tiny alteration in one of the
    <code style="white-space: normal">boost::shared_ptr</code> implementation files in order to permit
    access by the serialization system.
</ol>
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<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.rrsd.com">Robert Ramey</a> 2002-2004. 
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
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