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.TH TFTPD 8 "30 July 2008" "tftp-hpa @@VERSION@@" "System Manager's Manual"
.SH NAME
.B tftpd
\- IPv4 Trivial File Transfer Protocol server
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B in.tftpd
.RI [ options... ]
.I directory...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B tftpd
is a server for the Trivial File Transfer Protocol.  The TFTP
protocol is extensively used to support remote booting of diskless
devices.  The server is normally started by
.BR inetd ,
but can also run standalone.
.PP
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
\fB\-\-ipv4\fP, \fB\-4\fP
Connect with IPv4 only, even if IPv6 support was compiled in.
.TP
\fB\-\-ipv6\fP, \fB\-6\fP
Connect with IPv6 only, if compiled in.
.TP
\fB\-l\fP, \fB\-\-listen\fP
Run the server in standalone (listen) mode, rather than run from
.BR inetd .
In listen mode, the
.B \-\-timeout
option is ignored, and the
.B \-\-address
option can be used to specify a specific local address or port to
listen to.
.TP
\fB\-\-foreground\fP, \fB\-L\fP
Similar to
.B \-\-listen
but do not detach from the foreground process.  Implies
.BR \-\-listen .
.TP
\fB\-\-address\fP \fI[address][:port]\fP, \fB\-a\fP \fI[address][:port]\fP
Specify a specific
.I address
and
.I port
to listen to when called with the
.B \-\-listen
or
.B \-\-foreground
option.  The default is to listen to the
.I tftp
port specified in
.I /etc/services
on all local addresses.

.B Please note:
Numeric IPv6 adresses must be enclosed in square brackets
to avoid ambiguity with the optional port information.
.TP
\fB\-\-create\fP, \fB\-c\fP
Allow new files to be created.  By default,
.B tftpd
will only allow upload of files that already exist.  Files are created
with default permissions allowing anyone to read or write them, unless
the
.B \-\-permissive
or
.B \-\-umask
options are specified.
.TP
\fB\-\-secure\fP, \fB\-s\fP
Change root directory on startup.  This means the remote host does not
need to pass along the directory as part of the transfer, and may add
security.  When
.B \-\-secure
is specified, exactly one
.I directory
should be specified on the command line.  The use of this option is
recommended for security as well as compatibility with some boot ROMs
which cannot be easily made to include a directory name in its request.
.TP
\fB\-\-user\fP \fIusername\fP, \fB\-u\fP \fIusername\fP
Specify the username which
.B tftpd
will run as; the default is "nobody".  The user ID, group ID, and (if
possible on the platform) the supplementary group IDs will be set to
the ones specified in the system permission database for this
username.
.TP
\fB\-\-umask\fP \fIumask\fP, \fB\-U\fP \fIumask\fP
Sets the \fIumask\fP for newly created files to the specified value.
The default is zero (anyone can read or write) if the
.B \-\-permissive
option is not specified, or inherited from the invoking process if
.B \-\-permissive
is specified.
.TP
\fB\-\-permissive\fP, \fB\-p\fP
Perform no additional permissions checks above the normal
system-provided access controls for the user specified via the
.B \-\-user
option.
.TP
\fB\-\-timeout\fP \fItimeout\fP, \fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP
When run from
.B inetd
this specifies how long, in seconds, to wait for a second connection
before terminating the server.
.B inetd
will then respawn the server when another request comes in.  The
default is 900 (15 minutes.)
.TP
\fB\-\-retransmit\fP \fItimeout, \fP\fB\-T\fP \fItimeout\fP
Determine the default timeout, in microseconds, before the first
packet is retransmitted.  This can be modified by the client if the
.B timeout
or
.B utimeout
option is negotiated.  The default is 1000000 (1 second.)
.TP
\fB\-\-mapfile\fP \fIremap-file\fP, \fB\-m\fP \fIremap-file\fP
Specify the use of filename remapping.  The
.I remap-file
is a file containing the remapping rules.  See the section on filename
remapping below.  This option may not be compiled in, see the output of
.B "in.tftpd \-V"
to verify whether or not it is available.
.TP
\fB\-\-verbose\fP, \fB\-v\fP
Increase the logging verbosity of
.BR tftpd .
This flag can be specified multiple times for even higher verbosity.
.TP
\fB\-\-verbosity\fP \fIvalue\fP
Set the verbosity value to \fIvalue\fP.
.TP
\fB\-\-refuse\fP \fItftp-option\fP, \fB\-r\fP \fItftp-option\fP
Indicate that a specific RFC 2347 TFTP option should never be
accepted.
.TP
\fB\-\-blocksize\fP \fImax-block-size\fP, \fB\-B\fP \fImax-block-size\fP
Specifies the maximum permitted block size.  The permitted range for
this parameter is from 512 to 65464.  Some embedded clients request
large block sizes and yet do not handle fragmented packets correctly;
for these clients, it is recommended to set this value to the smallest
MTU on your network minus 32 bytes (20 bytes for IP, 8 for UDP, and 4
for TFTP; less if you use IP options on your network.)  For example,
on a standard Ethernet (MTU 1500) a value of 1468 is reasonable.
.TP
\fB\-\-port-range\fP \fIport:port\fP, \fB\-R\fP \fIport:port\fP
Force the server port number (the Transaction ID) to be in the
specified range of port numbers.
.TP
\fB\-\-version\fP, \fB\-V\fP
Print the version number and configuration to standard output, then
exit gracefully.
.SH "RFC 2347 OPTION NEGOTIATION"
This version of
.B tftpd
supports RFC 2347 option negotation.  Currently implemented options
are:
.TP
\fBblksize\fP (RFC 2348)
Set the transfer block size to anything less than or equal to the
specified option.  This version of
.B tftpd
can support any block size up to the theoretical maximum of 65464
bytes.
.TP
\fBblksize2\fP (nonstandard)
Set the transfer block size to anything less than or equal to the
specified option, but restrict the possible responses to powers of 2.
The maximum is 32768 bytes (the largest power of 2 less than or equal
to 65464.)
.TP
\fBtsize\fP (RFC 2349)
Report the size of the file that is about to be transferred.  This
version of
.B tftpd
only supports the
.B tsize
option for binary (octet) mode transfers.
.TP
\fBtimeout\fP (RFC 2349)
Set the time before the server retransmits a packet, in seconds.
.TP
\fButimeout\fP (nonstandard)
Set the time before the server retransmits a packet, in microseconds.
.TP
\fBrollover\fP (nonstandard)
Set the block number to resume at after a block number rollover.  The
default and recommended value is zero.
.PP
The
.B \-\-refuse
option can be used to disable specific options; this may be necessary
to work around bugs in specific TFTP client implementations.  For
example, some TFTP clients have been found to request the
.B blksize
option, but crash with an error if they actually get the option
accepted by the server.
.SH "FILENAME REMAPPING"
The
.B \-\-mapfile
option specifies a file which contains filename remapping rules.  Each
non-comment line (comments begin with hash marks,
.BR # )
contains an
.IR operation ,
specified below; a
.IR regex ,
a regular expression in the style of
.BR egrep ;
and optionally a
.IR "replacement pattern" .
The operation indicated by
.I operation
is performed if the
.I regex
matches all or part of the filename.  Rules are processed from the top
down, and by default, all rules are processed even if there is a
match.
.PP
The
.I operation
can be any combination of the following letters:
.TP
.B r
Replace the substring matched by
.I regex
by the
.IR "replacement pattern" .
The replacement pattern may contain escape sequences; see below.
.TP
.B g
Repeat this rule until it no longer matches.  This is always used with
.BR r .
.TP
.B i
Match the
.I regex
case-insensitively.  By default it is case sensitive.
.TP
.B e
If this rule matches, end rule processing after executing the rule.
.TP
.B s
If this rule matches, start rule processing over from the very first
rule after executing this rule.
.TP
.B a
If this rule matches, refuse the request and send an access denied
error to the client.
.TP
.B G
This rule applies to GET (RRQ) requests only.
.TP
.B P
This rule applies to PUT (WRQ) requests only.
.TP
.B ~
Inverse the sense of this rule, i.e. execute the
.I operation
only if the
.I regex
.I doesn't
match.  Cannot used together with 
.BR r .
.PP
The following escape sequences are recognized as part of the
.IR "replacement pattern" :
.TP
\fB\\0\fP
The entire string matched by the
.IR regex .
.TP
\fB\\1\fP to \fB\\9\fP
The strings matched by each of the first nine parenthesized
subexpressions, \\( ... \\), of the
.I regex
pattern.
.TP
\fB\\i\fP
The IP address of the requesting host, in dotted-quad notation
(e.g. 192.0.2.169).
.TP
\fB\\x\fP
The IP address of the requesting host, in hexadecimal notation
(e.g. C00002A9).
.TP
\fB\\\\\fP
Literal backslash.
.TP
\fB\\\fP\fIwhitespace\fP
Literal whitespace.
.TP
\fB\\#\fP
Literal hash mark.
.TP
\fB\\U\fP
Turns all subsequent letters to upper case.
.TP
\fB\\L\fP
Turns all subsequent letters to lower case.
.TP
\fB\\E\fP
Cancels the effect of \fB\\U\fP or \fB\\L\fP.
.PP
If the mapping file is changed, you need to send
.B SIGHUP
to any outstanding
.B tftpd
process.
.SH "SECURITY"
The use of TFTP services does not require an account or password on
the server system.  Due to the lack of authentication information,
.B tftpd
will allow only publicly readable files (o+r) to be accessed, unless the
.B \-\-permissive
option is specified.  Files may be written only if they already exist
and are publicly writable, unless the
.B \-\-create
option is specified.  Note that this extends the concept of ``public''
to include all users on all hosts that can be reached through the
network; this may not be appropriate on all systems, and its
implications should be considered before enabling TFTP service.
Typically, some kind of firewall or packet-filter solution should be
employed.  If appropriately compiled (see the output of
.BR  "in.tftpd \-\-version" )
.B tftpd
will query the
.BR hosts_access (5)
database for access control information.  This may be slow; sites
requiring maximum performance may want to compile without this option
and rely on firewalling or kernel-based packet filters instead.
.PP
The server should be set to run as the user with the lowest possible
privilege; please see the
.B \-\-user
flag.  It is probably a good idea to set up a specific user account for
.BR tftpd ,
rather than letting it run as "nobody", to guard against privilege
leaks between applications.
.PP
Access to files can, and should, be restricted by invoking
.B tftpd
with a list of directories by including pathnames as server program
arguments on the command line.  In this case access is restricted to
files whole names are prefixed by one of the given directories.  If
possible, it is recommended that the
.B \-\-secure
flag is used to set up a chroot() environment for the server to run in
once a connection has been set up.
.PP
Finally, the filename remapping
.RB ( \-\-mapfile
flag) support can be used to provide a limited amount of additional
access control.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
RFC 1123,
.IR "Requirements for Internet Hosts \- Application and Support" .
.br
RFC 1350,
.IR "The TFTP Protocol (revision 2)" .
.br
RFC 2347,
.IR "TFTP Option Extension" .
.br
RFC 2348,
.IR "TFTP Blocksize Option" .
.br
RFC 2349,
.IR "TFTP Timeout Interval and Transfer Size Options" .
.SH "AUTHOR"
This version of
.B tftpd
is maintained by H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>.  It was derived from,
but has substantially diverged from, an OpenBSD source base, with
added patches by Markus Gutschke and Gero Kulhman.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR tftp (1),
.BR egrep (1),
.BR umask (2),
.BR hosts_access (5),
.BR regex (7),
.BR inetd (8).