			 =======================
			 INTEL POWERCLAMP DRIVER
			 =======================
By: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
    Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com>

Contents:
	(*) Introduction
	    - Goals and Objectives

	(*) Theory of Operation
	    - Idle Injection
	    - Calibration

	(*) Performance Analysis
	    - Effectiveness and Limitations
	    - Power vs Performance
	    - Scalability
	    - Calibration
	    - Comparison with Alternative Techniques

	(*) Usage and Interfaces
	    - Generic Thermal Layer (sysfs)
	    - Kernel APIs (TBD)

============
INTRODUCTION
============

Consider the situation where a system’s power consumption must be
reduced at runtime, due to power budget, thermal constraint, or noise
level, and where active cooling is not preferred. Software managed
passive power reduction must be performed to prevent the hardware
actions that are designed for catastrophic scenarios.

Currently, P-states, T-states (clock modulation), and CPU offlining
are used for CPU throttling.

On Intel CPUs, C-states provide effective power reduction, but so far
they’re only used opportunistically, based on workload. With the
development of intel_powerclamp driver, the method of synchronizing
idle injection across all online CPU threads was introduced. The goal
is to achieve forced and controllable C-state residency.

Test/Analysis has been made in the areas of power, performance,
scalability, and user experience. In many cases, clear advantage is
shown over taking the CPU offline or modulating the CPU clock.


===================
THEORY OF OPERATION
===================

Idle Injection
--------------

On modern Intel processors (Nehalem or later), package level C-state
residency is available in MSRs, thus also available to the kernel.

These MSRs are:
      #define MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY	0x60D
      #define MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY	0x3F8
      #define MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY	0x3F9
      #define MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY	0x3FA

If the kernel can also inject idle time to the system, then a
closed-loop control system can be established that manages package
level C-state. The intel_powerclamp driver is conceived as such a
control system, where the target set point is a user-selected idle
ratio (based on power reduction), and the error is the difference
between the actual package level C-state residency ratio and the target idle
ratio.

Injection is controlled by high priority kernel threads, spawned for
each online CPU.

These kernel threads, with SCHED_FIFO class, are created to perform
clamping actions of controlled duty ratio and duration. Each per-CPU
thread synchronizes its idle time and duration, based on the rounding
of jiffies, so accumulated errors can be prevented to avoid a jittery
effect. Threads are also bound to the CPU such that they cannot be
migrated, unless the CPU is taken offline. In this case, threads
belong to the offlined CPUs will be terminated immediately.

Running as SCHED_FIFO and relatively high priority, also allows such
scheme to work for both preemptable and non-preemptable kernels.
Alignment of idle time around jiffies ensures scalability for HZ
values. This effect can be better visualized using a Perf timechart.
The following diagram shows the behavior of kernel thread
kidle_inject/cpu. During idle injection, it runs monitor/mwait idle
for a given "duration", then relinquishes the CPU to other tasks,
until the next time interval.

The NOHZ schedule tick is disabled during idle time, but interrupts
are not masked. Tests show that the extra wakeups from scheduler tick
have a dramatic impact on the effectiveness of the powerclamp driver
on large scale systems (Westmere system with 80 processors).

CPU0
		  ____________          ____________
kidle_inject/0   |   sleep    |  mwait |  sleep     |
	_________|            |________|            |_______
			       duration
CPU1
		  ____________          ____________
kidle_inject/1   |   sleep    |  mwait |  sleep     |
	_________|            |________|            |_______
			      ^
			      |
			      |
			      roundup(jiffies, interval)

Only one CPU is allowed to collect statistics and update global
control parameters. This CPU is referred to as the controlling CPU in
this document. The controlling CPU is elected at runtime, with a
policy that favors BSP, taking into account the possibility of a CPU
hot-plug.

In terms of dynamics of the idle control system, package level idle
time is considered largely as a non-causal system where its behavior
cannot be based on the past or current input. Therefore, the
intel_powerclamp driver attempts to enforce the desired idle time
instantly as given input (target idle ratio). After injection,
powerclamp monitors the actual idle for a given time window and adjust
the next injection accordingly to avoid over/under correction.

When used in a causal control system, such as a temperature control,
it is up to the user of this driver to implement algorithms where
past samples and outputs are included in the feedback. For example, a
PID-based thermal controller can use the powerclamp driver to
maintain a desired target temperature, based on integral and
derivative gains of the past samples.


Calibration
-----------
During scalability testing, it is observed that synchronized actions
among CPUs become challenging as the number of cores grows. This is
also true for the ability of a system to enter package level C-states.

To make sure the intel_powerclamp driver scales well, online
calibration is implemented. The goals for doing such a calibration
are:

a) determine the effective range of idle injection ratio
b) determine the amount of compensation needed at each target ratio

Compensation to each target ratio consists of two parts:

        a) steady state error compensation
	This is to offset the error occurring when the system can
	enter idle without extra wakeups (such as external interrupts).

	b) dynamic error compensation
	When an excessive amount of wakeups occurs during idle, an
	additional idle ratio can be added to quiet interrupts, by
	slowing down CPU activities.

A debugfs file is provided for the user to examine compensation
progress and results, such as on a Westmere system.
[jacob@nex01 ~]$ cat
/sys/kernel/debug/intel_powerclamp/powerclamp_calib
controlling cpu: 0
pct confidence steady dynamic (compensation)
0	0	0	0
1	1	0	0
2	1	1	0
3	3	1	0
4	3	1	0
5	3	1	0
6	3	1	0
7	3	1	0
8	3	1	0
...
30	3	2	0
31	3	2	0
32	3	1	0
33	3	2	0
34	3	1	0
35	3	2	0
36	3	1	0
37	3	2	0
38	3	1	0
39	3	2	0
40	3	3	0
41	3	1	0
42	3	2	0
43	3	1	0
44	3	1	0
45	3	2	0
46	3	3	0
47	3	0	0
48	3	2	0
49	3	3	0

Calibration occurs during runtime. No offline method is available.
Steady state compensation is used only when confidence levels of all
adjacent ratios have reached satisfactory level. A confidence level
is accumulated based on clean data collected at runtime. Data
collected during a period without extra interrupts is considered
clean.

To compensate for excessive amounts of wakeup during idle, additional
idle time is injected when such a condition is detected. Currently,
we have a simple algorithm to double the injection ratio. A possible
enhancement might be to throttle the offending IRQ, such as delaying
EOI for level triggered interrupts. But it is a challenge to be
non-intrusive to the scheduler or the IRQ core code.


CPU Online/Offline
------------------
Per-CPU kernel threads are started/stopped upon receiving
notifications of CPU hotplug activities. The intel_powerclamp driver
keeps track of clamping kernel threads, even after they are migrated
to other CPUs, after a CPU offline event.


=====================
Performance Analysis
=====================
This section describes the general performance data collected on
multiple systems, including Westmere (80P) and Ivy Bridge (4P, 8P).

Effectiveness and Limitations
-----------------------------
The maximum range that idle injection is allowed is capped at 50
percent. As mentioned earlier, since interrupts are allowed during
forced idle time, excessive interrupts could result in less
effectiveness. The extreme case would be doing a ping -f to generated
flooded network interrupts without much CPU acknowledgement. In this
case, little can be done from the idle injection threads. In most
normal cases, such as scp a large file, applications can be throttled
by the powerclamp driver, since slowing down the CPU also slows down
network protocol processing, which in turn reduces interrupts.

When control parameters change at runtime by the controlling CPU, it
may take an additional period for the rest of the CPUs to catch up
with the changes. During this time, idle injection is out of sync,
thus not able to enter package C- states at the expected ratio. But
this effect is minor, in that in most cases change to the target
ratio is updated much less frequently than the idle injection
frequency.

Scalability
-----------
Tests also show a minor, but measurable, difference between the 4P/8P
Ivy Bridge system and the 80P Westmere server under 50% idle ratio.
More compensation is needed on Westmere for the same amount of
target idle ratio. The compensation also increases as the idle ratio
gets larger. The above reason constitutes the need for the
calibration code.

On the IVB 8P system, compared to an offline CPU, powerclamp can
achieve up to 40% better performance per watt. (measured by a spin
counter summed over per CPU counting threads spawned for all running
CPUs).

====================
Usage and Interfaces
====================
The powerclamp driver is registered to the generic thermal layer as a
cooling device. Currently, it’s not bound to any thermal zones.

jacob@chromoly:/sys/class/thermal/cooling_device14$ grep . *
cur_state:0
max_state:50
type:intel_powerclamp

Example usage:
- To inject 25% idle time
$ sudo sh -c "echo 25 > /sys/class/thermal/cooling_device80/cur_state
"

If the system is not busy and has more than 25% idle time already,
then the powerclamp driver will not start idle injection. Using Top
will not show idle injection kernel threads.

If the system is busy (spin test below) and has less than 25% natural
idle time, powerclamp kernel threads will do idle injection, which
appear running to the scheduler. But the overall system idle is still
reflected. In this example, 24.1% idle is shown. This helps the
system admin or user determine the cause of slowdown, when a
powerclamp driver is in action.


Tasks: 197 total,   1 running, 196 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s): 71.2%us,  4.7%sy,  0.0%ni, 24.1%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st
Mem:   3943228k total,  1689632k used,  2253596k free,    74960k buffers
Swap:  4087804k total,        0k used,  4087804k free,   945336k cached

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND
 3352 jacob     20   0  262m  644  428 S  286  0.0   0:17.16 spin
 3341 root     -51   0     0    0    0 D   25  0.0   0:01.62 kidle_inject/0
 3344 root     -51   0     0    0    0 D   25  0.0   0:01.60 kidle_inject/3
 3342 root     -51   0     0    0    0 D   25  0.0   0:01.61 kidle_inject/1
 3343 root     -51   0     0    0    0 D   25  0.0   0:01.60 kidle_inject/2
 2935 jacob     20   0  696m 125m  35m S    5  3.3   0:31.11 firefox
 1546 root      20   0  158m  20m 6640 S    3  0.5   0:26.97 Xorg
 2100 jacob     20   0 1223m  88m  30m S    3  2.3   0:23.68 compiz

Tests have shown that by using the powerclamp driver as a cooling
device, a PID based userspace thermal controller can manage to
control CPU temperature effectively, when no other thermal influence
is added. For example, a UltraBook user can compile the kernel under
certain temperature (below most active trip points).