blob: 651115a8248ac50886c88de41fc1cabc71f66626 [file] [log] [blame]
//! Windows SEH
//!
//! On Windows (currently only on MSVC), the default exception handling
//! mechanism is Structured Exception Handling (SEH). This is quite different
//! than Dwarf-based exception handling (e.g., what other unix platforms use) in
//! terms of compiler internals, so LLVM is required to have a good deal of
//! extra support for SEH.
//!
//! In a nutshell, what happens here is:
//!
//! 1. The `panic` function calls the standard Windows function
//! `_CxxThrowException` to throw a C++-like exception, triggering the
//! unwinding process.
//! 2. All landing pads generated by the compiler use the personality function
//! `__CxxFrameHandler3`, a function in the CRT, and the unwinding code in
//! Windows will use this personality function to execute all cleanup code on
//! the stack.
//! 3. All compiler-generated calls to `invoke` have a landing pad set as a
//! `cleanuppad` LLVM instruction, which indicates the start of the cleanup
//! routine. The personality (in step 2, defined in the CRT) is responsible
//! for running the cleanup routines.
//! 4. Eventually the "catch" code in the `try` intrinsic (generated by the
//! compiler) is executed and indicates that control should come back to
//! Rust. This is done via a `catchswitch` plus a `catchpad` instruction in
//! LLVM IR terms, finally returning normal control to the program with a
//! `catchret` instruction.
//!
//! Some specific differences from the gcc-based exception handling are:
//!
//! * Rust has no custom personality function, it is instead *always*
//! `__CxxFrameHandler3`. Additionally, no extra filtering is performed, so we
//! end up catching any C++ exceptions that happen to look like the kind we're
//! throwing. Note that throwing an exception into Rust is undefined behavior
//! anyway, so this should be fine.
//! * We've got some data to transmit across the unwinding boundary,
//! specifically a `Box<dyn Any + Send>`. Like with Dwarf exceptions
//! these two pointers are stored as a payload in the exception itself. On
//! MSVC, however, there's no need for an extra heap allocation because the
//! call stack is preserved while filter functions are being executed. This
//! means that the pointers are passed directly to `_CxxThrowException` which
//! are then recovered in the filter function to be written to the stack frame
//! of the `try` intrinsic.
//!
//! [win64]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/exception-handling-x64
//! [llvm]: https://llvm.org/docs/ExceptionHandling.html#background-on-windows-exceptions
#![allow(nonstandard_style)]
use alloc::boxed::Box;
use core::any::Any;
use core::mem::{self, ManuallyDrop};
use core::ptr;
use libc::{c_int, c_uint, c_void};
// NOTE(nbdd0121): The `canary` field will be part of stable ABI after `c_unwind` stabilization.
#[repr(C)]
struct Exception {
// See `gcc.rs` on why this is present. We already have a static here so just use it.
canary: *const _TypeDescriptor,
// This needs to be an Option because we catch the exception by reference
// and its destructor is executed by the C++ runtime. When we take the Box
// out of the exception, we need to leave the exception in a valid state
// for its destructor to run without double-dropping the Box.
data: Option<Box<dyn Any + Send>>,
}
// First up, a whole bunch of type definitions. There's a few platform-specific
// oddities here, and a lot that's just blatantly copied from LLVM. The purpose
// of all this is to implement the `panic` function below through a call to
// `_CxxThrowException`.
//
// This function takes two arguments. The first is a pointer to the data we're
// passing in, which in this case is our trait object. Pretty easy to find! The
// next, however, is more complicated. This is a pointer to a `_ThrowInfo`
// structure, and it generally is just intended to just describe the exception
// being thrown.
//
// Currently the definition of this type [1] is a little hairy, and the main
// oddity (and difference from the online article) is that on 32-bit the
// pointers are pointers but on 64-bit the pointers are expressed as 32-bit
// offsets from the `__ImageBase` symbol. The `ptr_t` and `ptr!` macro in the
// modules below are used to express this.
//
// The maze of type definitions also closely follows what LLVM emits for this
// sort of operation. For example, if you compile this C++ code on MSVC and emit
// the LLVM IR:
//
// #include <stdint.h>
//
// struct rust_panic {
// rust_panic(const rust_panic&);
// ~rust_panic();
//
// uint64_t x[2];
// };
//
// void foo() {
// rust_panic a = {0, 1};
// throw a;
// }
//
// That's essentially what we're trying to emulate. Most of the constant values
// below were just copied from LLVM,
//
// In any case, these structures are all constructed in a similar manner, and
// it's just somewhat verbose for us.
//
// [1]: https://www.geoffchappell.com/studies/msvc/language/predefined/
#[cfg(target_arch = "x86")]
#[macro_use]
mod imp {
pub type ptr_t = *mut u8;
macro_rules! ptr {
(0) => {
core::ptr::null_mut()
};
($e:expr) => {
$e as *mut u8
};
}
}
#[cfg(not(target_arch = "x86"))]
#[macro_use]
mod imp {
pub type ptr_t = u32;
extern "C" {
pub static __ImageBase: u8;
}
macro_rules! ptr {
(0) => (0);
($e:expr) => {
(($e as usize) - (&imp::__ImageBase as *const _ as usize)) as u32
}
}
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct _ThrowInfo {
pub attributes: c_uint,
pub pmfnUnwind: imp::ptr_t,
pub pForwardCompat: imp::ptr_t,
pub pCatchableTypeArray: imp::ptr_t,
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct _CatchableTypeArray {
pub nCatchableTypes: c_int,
pub arrayOfCatchableTypes: [imp::ptr_t; 1],
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct _CatchableType {
pub properties: c_uint,
pub pType: imp::ptr_t,
pub thisDisplacement: _PMD,
pub sizeOrOffset: c_int,
pub copyFunction: imp::ptr_t,
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct _PMD {
pub mdisp: c_int,
pub pdisp: c_int,
pub vdisp: c_int,
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct _TypeDescriptor {
pub pVFTable: *const u8,
pub spare: *mut u8,
pub name: [u8; 11],
}
// Note that we intentionally ignore name mangling rules here: we don't want C++
// to be able to catch Rust panics by simply declaring a `struct rust_panic`.
//
// When modifying, make sure that the type name string exactly matches
// the one used in `compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/intrinsic.rs`.
const TYPE_NAME: [u8; 11] = *b"rust_panic\0";
static mut THROW_INFO: _ThrowInfo = _ThrowInfo {
attributes: 0,
pmfnUnwind: ptr!(0),
pForwardCompat: ptr!(0),
pCatchableTypeArray: ptr!(0),
};
static mut CATCHABLE_TYPE_ARRAY: _CatchableTypeArray =
_CatchableTypeArray { nCatchableTypes: 1, arrayOfCatchableTypes: [ptr!(0)] };
static mut CATCHABLE_TYPE: _CatchableType = _CatchableType {
properties: 0,
pType: ptr!(0),
thisDisplacement: _PMD { mdisp: 0, pdisp: -1, vdisp: 0 },
sizeOrOffset: mem::size_of::<Exception>() as c_int,
copyFunction: ptr!(0),
};
extern "C" {
// The leading `\x01` byte here is actually a magical signal to LLVM to
// *not* apply any other mangling like prefixing with a `_` character.
//
// This symbol is the vtable used by C++'s `std::type_info`. Objects of type
// `std::type_info`, type descriptors, have a pointer to this table. Type
// descriptors are referenced by the C++ EH structures defined above and
// that we construct below.
#[link_name = "\x01??_7type_info@@6B@"]
static TYPE_INFO_VTABLE: *const u8;
}
// This type descriptor is only used when throwing an exception. The catch part
// is handled by the try intrinsic, which generates its own TypeDescriptor.
//
// This is fine since the MSVC runtime uses string comparison on the type name
// to match TypeDescriptors rather than pointer equality.
static mut TYPE_DESCRIPTOR: _TypeDescriptor = _TypeDescriptor {
pVFTable: unsafe { &TYPE_INFO_VTABLE } as *const _ as *const _,
spare: core::ptr::null_mut(),
name: TYPE_NAME,
};
// Destructor used if the C++ code decides to capture the exception and drop it
// without propagating it. The catch part of the try intrinsic will set the
// first word of the exception object to 0 so that it is skipped by the
// destructor.
//
// Note that x86 Windows uses the "thiscall" calling convention for C++ member
// functions instead of the default "C" calling convention.
//
// The exception_copy function is a bit special here: it is invoked by the MSVC
// runtime under a try/catch block and the panic that we generate here will be
// used as the result of the exception copy. This is used by the C++ runtime to
// support capturing exceptions with std::exception_ptr, which we can't support
// because Box<dyn Any> isn't clonable.
macro_rules! define_cleanup {
($abi:tt $abi2:tt) => {
unsafe extern $abi fn exception_cleanup(e: *mut Exception) {
if let Exception { data: Some(b), .. } = e.read() {
drop(b);
super::__rust_drop_panic();
}
}
unsafe extern $abi2 fn exception_copy(_dest: *mut Exception,
_src: *mut Exception)
-> *mut Exception {
panic!("Rust panics cannot be copied");
}
}
}
cfg_if::cfg_if! {
if #[cfg(target_arch = "x86")] {
define_cleanup!("thiscall" "thiscall-unwind");
} else {
define_cleanup!("C" "C-unwind");
}
}
pub unsafe fn panic(data: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> u32 {
use core::intrinsics::atomic_store_seqcst;
// _CxxThrowException executes entirely on this stack frame, so there's no
// need to otherwise transfer `data` to the heap. We just pass a stack
// pointer to this function.
//
// The ManuallyDrop is needed here since we don't want Exception to be
// dropped when unwinding. Instead it will be dropped by exception_cleanup
// which is invoked by the C++ runtime.
let mut exception = ManuallyDrop::new(Exception { canary: &TYPE_DESCRIPTOR, data: Some(data) });
let throw_ptr = &mut exception as *mut _ as *mut _;
// This... may seems surprising, and justifiably so. On 32-bit MSVC the
// pointers between these structure are just that, pointers. On 64-bit MSVC,
// however, the pointers between structures are rather expressed as 32-bit
// offsets from `__ImageBase`.
//
// Consequently, on 32-bit MSVC we can declare all these pointers in the
// `static`s above. On 64-bit MSVC, we would have to express subtraction of
// pointers in statics, which Rust does not currently allow, so we can't
// actually do that.
//
// The next best thing, then is to fill in these structures at runtime
// (panicking is already the "slow path" anyway). So here we reinterpret all
// of these pointer fields as 32-bit integers and then store the
// relevant value into it (atomically, as concurrent panics may be
// happening). Technically the runtime will probably do a nonatomic read of
// these fields, but in theory they never read the *wrong* value so it
// shouldn't be too bad...
//
// In any case, we basically need to do something like this until we can
// express more operations in statics (and we may never be able to).
atomic_store_seqcst(
&mut THROW_INFO.pmfnUnwind as *mut _ as *mut u32,
ptr!(exception_cleanup) as u32,
);
atomic_store_seqcst(
&mut THROW_INFO.pCatchableTypeArray as *mut _ as *mut u32,
ptr!(&CATCHABLE_TYPE_ARRAY as *const _) as u32,
);
atomic_store_seqcst(
&mut CATCHABLE_TYPE_ARRAY.arrayOfCatchableTypes[0] as *mut _ as *mut u32,
ptr!(&CATCHABLE_TYPE as *const _) as u32,
);
atomic_store_seqcst(
&mut CATCHABLE_TYPE.pType as *mut _ as *mut u32,
ptr!(&TYPE_DESCRIPTOR as *const _) as u32,
);
atomic_store_seqcst(
&mut CATCHABLE_TYPE.copyFunction as *mut _ as *mut u32,
ptr!(exception_copy) as u32,
);
extern "system-unwind" {
fn _CxxThrowException(pExceptionObject: *mut c_void, pThrowInfo: *mut u8) -> !;
}
_CxxThrowException(throw_ptr, &mut THROW_INFO as *mut _ as *mut _);
}
pub unsafe fn cleanup(payload: *mut u8) -> Box<dyn Any + Send> {
// A null payload here means that we got here from the catch (...) of
// __rust_try. This happens when a non-Rust foreign exception is caught.
if payload.is_null() {
super::__rust_foreign_exception();
}
let exception = payload as *mut Exception;
let canary = ptr::addr_of!((*exception).canary).read();
if !ptr::eq(canary, &TYPE_DESCRIPTOR) {
// A foreign Rust exception.
super::__rust_foreign_exception();
}
(*exception).data.take().unwrap()
}