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 | Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Reading-Attributes.html#Reading-Attributes">Reading Attributes</a>, | 
 | Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="File-Attributes.html#File-Attributes">File Attributes</a> | 
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 | </div> | 
 |  | 
 | <h4 class="subsection">14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes</h4> | 
 |  | 
 | <p><a name="index-status-of-a-file-1491"></a><a name="index-attributes-of-a-file-1492"></a><a name="index-file-attributes-1493"></a> | 
 | When you read the attributes of a file, they come back in a structure | 
 | called <code>struct stat</code>.  This section describes the names of the | 
 | attributes, their data types, and what they mean.  For the functions | 
 | to read the attributes of a file, see <a href="Reading-Attributes.html#Reading-Attributes">Reading Attributes</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |    <p>The header file <samp><span class="file">sys/stat.h</span></samp> declares all the symbols defined | 
 | in this section.  | 
 | <a name="index-sys_002fstat_002eh-1494"></a> | 
 | <!-- sys/stat.h --> | 
 | <!-- POSIX.1 --> | 
 |  | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>struct stat</b><var><a name="index-struct-stat-1495"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>The <code>stat</code> structure type is used to return information about the | 
 | attributes of a file.  It contains at least the following members: | 
 |  | 
 |           <dl> | 
 | <dt><code>mode_t st_mode</code><dd>Specifies the mode of the file.  This includes file type information | 
 | (see <a href="Testing-File-Type.html#Testing-File-Type">Testing File Type</a>) and the file permission bits | 
 | (see <a href="Permission-Bits.html#Permission-Bits">Permission Bits</a>). | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>ino_t st_ino</code><dd>The file serial number, which distinguishes this file from all other | 
 | files on the same device. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>dev_t st_dev</code><dd>Identifies the device containing the file.  The <code>st_ino</code> and | 
 | <code>st_dev</code>, taken together, uniquely identify the file.  The | 
 | <code>st_dev</code> value is not necessarily consistent across reboots or | 
 | system crashes, however. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>nlink_t st_nlink</code><dd>The number of hard links to the file.  This count keeps track of how | 
 | many directories have entries for this file.  If the count is ever | 
 | decremented to zero, then the file itself is discarded as soon as no | 
 | process still holds it open.  Symbolic links are not counted in the | 
 | total. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>uid_t st_uid</code><dd>The user ID of the file's owner.  See <a href="File-Owner.html#File-Owner">File Owner</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>gid_t st_gid</code><dd>The group ID of the file.  See <a href="File-Owner.html#File-Owner">File Owner</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>off_t st_size</code><dd>This specifies the size of a regular file in bytes.  For files that are | 
 | really devices this field isn't usually meaningful.  For symbolic links | 
 | this specifies the length of the file name the link refers to. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>time_t st_atime</code><dd>This is the last access time for the file.  See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned long int st_atime_usec</code><dd>This is the fractional part of the last access time for the file.  | 
 | See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>time_t st_mtime</code><dd>This is the time of the last modification to the contents of the file.  | 
 | See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned long int st_mtime_usec</code><dd>This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the | 
 | contents of the file.  See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>time_t st_ctime</code><dd>This is the time of the last modification to the attributes of the file.  | 
 | See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned long int st_ctime_usec</code><dd>This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the | 
 | attributes of the file.  See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <!-- !!! st_rdev --> | 
 |           <br><dt><code>blkcnt_t st_blocks</code><dd>This is the amount of disk space that the file occupies, measured in | 
 | units of 512-byte blocks. | 
 |  | 
 |           <p>The number of disk blocks is not strictly proportional to the size of | 
 | the file, for two reasons: the file system may use some blocks for | 
 | internal record keeping; and the file may be sparse—it may have | 
 | “holes” which contain zeros but do not actually take up space on the | 
 | disk. | 
 |  | 
 |           <p>You can tell (approximately) whether a file is sparse by comparing this | 
 | value with <code>st_size</code>, like this: | 
 |  | 
 |           <pre class="smallexample">               (st.st_blocks * 512 < st.st_size) | 
 | </pre> | 
 |           <p>This test is not perfect because a file that is just slightly sparse | 
 | might not be detected as sparse at all.  For practical applications, | 
 | this is not a problem. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned int st_blksize</code><dd>The optimal block size for reading of writing this file, in bytes.  You | 
 | might use this size for allocating the buffer space for reading of | 
 | writing the file.  (This is unrelated to <code>st_blocks</code>.)  | 
 | </dl> | 
 |         </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 |    <p>The extensions for the Large File Support (LFS) require, even on 32-bit | 
 | machines, types which can handle file sizes up to 2^63.  | 
 | Therefore a new definition of <code>struct stat</code> is necessary. | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/stat.h --> | 
 | <!-- LFS --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>struct stat64</b><var><a name="index-struct-stat64-1496"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>The members of this type are the same and have the same names as those | 
 | in <code>struct stat</code>.  The only difference is that the members | 
 | <code>st_ino</code>, <code>st_size</code>, and <code>st_blocks</code> have a different | 
 | type to support larger values. | 
 |  | 
 |           <dl> | 
 | <dt><code>mode_t st_mode</code><dd>Specifies the mode of the file.  This includes file type information | 
 | (see <a href="Testing-File-Type.html#Testing-File-Type">Testing File Type</a>) and the file permission bits | 
 | (see <a href="Permission-Bits.html#Permission-Bits">Permission Bits</a>). | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>ino64_t st_ino</code><dd>The file serial number, which distinguishes this file from all other | 
 | files on the same device. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>dev_t st_dev</code><dd>Identifies the device containing the file.  The <code>st_ino</code> and | 
 | <code>st_dev</code>, taken together, uniquely identify the file.  The | 
 | <code>st_dev</code> value is not necessarily consistent across reboots or | 
 | system crashes, however. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>nlink_t st_nlink</code><dd>The number of hard links to the file.  This count keeps track of how | 
 | many directories have entries for this file.  If the count is ever | 
 | decremented to zero, then the file itself is discarded as soon as no | 
 | process still holds it open.  Symbolic links are not counted in the | 
 | total. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>uid_t st_uid</code><dd>The user ID of the file's owner.  See <a href="File-Owner.html#File-Owner">File Owner</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>gid_t st_gid</code><dd>The group ID of the file.  See <a href="File-Owner.html#File-Owner">File Owner</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>off64_t st_size</code><dd>This specifies the size of a regular file in bytes.  For files that are | 
 | really devices this field isn't usually meaningful.  For symbolic links | 
 | this specifies the length of the file name the link refers to. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>time_t st_atime</code><dd>This is the last access time for the file.  See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned long int st_atime_usec</code><dd>This is the fractional part of the last access time for the file.  | 
 | See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>time_t st_mtime</code><dd>This is the time of the last modification to the contents of the file.  | 
 | See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned long int st_mtime_usec</code><dd>This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the | 
 | contents of the file.  See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>time_t st_ctime</code><dd>This is the time of the last modification to the attributes of the file.  | 
 | See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned long int st_ctime_usec</code><dd>This is the fractional part of the time of the last modification to the | 
 | attributes of the file.  See <a href="File-Times.html#File-Times">File Times</a>. | 
 |  | 
 |           <!-- !!! st_rdev --> | 
 |           <br><dt><code>blkcnt64_t st_blocks</code><dd>This is the amount of disk space that the file occupies, measured in | 
 | units of 512-byte blocks. | 
 |  | 
 |           <br><dt><code>unsigned int st_blksize</code><dd>The optimal block size for reading of writing this file, in bytes.  You | 
 | might use this size for allocating the buffer space for reading of | 
 | writing the file.  (This is unrelated to <code>st_blocks</code>.)  | 
 | </dl> | 
 |         </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 |    <p>Some of the file attributes have special data type names which exist | 
 | specifically for those attributes.  (They are all aliases for well-known | 
 | integer types that you know and love.)  These typedef names are defined | 
 | in the header file <samp><span class="file">sys/types.h</span></samp> as well as in <samp><span class="file">sys/stat.h</span></samp>.  | 
 | Here is a list of them. | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- POSIX.1 --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>mode_t</b><var><a name="index-mode_005ft-1497"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an integer data type used to represent file modes.  In the | 
 | GNU system, this is equivalent to <code>unsigned int</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 |    <p><a name="index-inode-number-1498"></a><!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- POSIX.1 --> | 
 |  | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>ino_t</b><var><a name="index-ino_005ft-1499"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file serial numbers.  | 
 | (In Unix jargon, these are sometimes called <dfn>inode numbers</dfn>.)  | 
 | In the GNU system, this type is equivalent to <code>unsigned long int</code>. | 
 |  | 
 |         <p>If the source is compiled with <code>_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64</code> this type | 
 | is transparently replaced by <code>ino64_t</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- Unix98 --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>ino64_t</b><var><a name="index-ino64_005ft-1500"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file serial numbers | 
 | for the use in LFS.  In the GNU system, this type is equivalent to | 
 | <code>unsigned long long int</code>. | 
 |  | 
 |         <p>When compiling with <code>_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64</code> this type is | 
 | available under the name <code>ino_t</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- POSIX.1 --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>dev_t</b><var><a name="index-dev_005ft-1501"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file device numbers.  | 
 | In the GNU system, this is equivalent to <code>int</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- POSIX.1 --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>nlink_t</b><var><a name="index-nlink_005ft-1502"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file link counts.  | 
 | In the GNU system, this is equivalent to <code>unsigned short int</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- Unix98 --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>blkcnt_t</b><var><a name="index-blkcnt_005ft-1503"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an arithmetic data type used to represent block counts.  | 
 | In the GNU system, this is equivalent to <code>unsigned long int</code>. | 
 |  | 
 |         <p>If the source is compiled with <code>_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64</code> this type | 
 | is transparently replaced by <code>blkcnt64_t</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
 | <!-- sys/types.h --> | 
 | <!-- Unix98 --> | 
 | <div class="defun"> | 
 | — Data Type: <b>blkcnt64_t</b><var><a name="index-blkcnt64_005ft-1504"></a></var><br> | 
 | <blockquote><p>This is an arithmetic data type used to represent block counts for the | 
 | use in LFS.  In the GNU system, this is equivalent to <code>unsigned | 
 | long long int</code>. | 
 |  | 
 |         <p>When compiling with <code>_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64</code> this type is | 
 | available under the name <code>blkcnt_t</code>.  | 
 | </p></blockquote></div> | 
 |  | 
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