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| <div class="chapter"> |
| <div class="titlepage"><div> |
| <div><h2 class="title"> |
| <a name="chrono"></a>Chapter 6. Boost.Chrono 2.0.5</h2></div> |
| <div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"> |
| <span class="firstname">Howard</span> <span class="surname">Hinnant</span> |
| </h3></div></div> |
| <div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"> |
| <span class="firstname">Beman</span> <span class="surname">Dawes</span> |
| </h3></div></div> |
| <div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"> |
| <span class="firstname">Vicente J.</span> <span class="surname">Botet Escriba</span> |
| </h3></div></div> |
| <div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2008 Howard Hinnant</p></div> |
| <div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2006, 2008 Beman Dawes</p></div> |
| <div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2009-2013 Vicente J. Botet Escriba</p></div> |
| <div><div class="legalnotice"> |
| <a name="chrono.legal"></a><p> |
| Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying |
| file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>) |
| </p> |
| </div></div> |
| </div></div> |
| <div class="toc"> |
| <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p> |
| <dl class="toc"> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview">Overview</a></span></dt> |
| <dd><dl> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description">Description</a></span></dt> |
| </dl></dd> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html">User's Guide</a></span></dt> |
| <dd><dl> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.getting_started">Getting Started</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.tutorial">Tutorial</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.examples">Examples</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/users_guide.html#chrono.users_guide.ext_references">External Resources</a></span></dt> |
| </dl></dd> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html">Reference </a></span></dt> |
| <dd><dl> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.chrono_include_hpp">Header <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code></a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x">Included on the C++11 Recommendation</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io_v1">Chrono I/O V1</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io">Chrono I/O V2</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.round">Chrono Rounding Utilities</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks">Other Clocks</a></span></dt> |
| </dl></dd> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html">Appendices</a></span></dt> |
| <dd><dl> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.history">Appendix: History</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.rationale">Appendix: Rationale</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.implementation">Appendix: Implementation |
| Notes</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.faq">Appendix: FAQ</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.acknowledgements">Appendix: Acknowledgements</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono/appendices.html#chrono.appendices.todo">Appendix: Future plans</a></span></dt> |
| </dl></dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <p> |
| ] |
| </p> |
| <p> |
| ] |
| </p> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
| <a name="chrono.overview"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview" title="Overview">Overview</a> |
| </h2></div></div></div> |
| <div class="toc"><dl class="toc"> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt> |
| <dt><span class="section"><a href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description">Description</a></span></dt> |
| </dl></div> |
| <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> |
| <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">What is time, then? If nobody asks me, I know; if I have to explain |
| it to someone who has asked me, I do not know."</span>”</span> |
| </p></blockquote></div> |
| <div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p> |
| <span class="bold"><strong><span class="emphasis"><em>-- Augustine </em></span></strong></span> |
| </p></blockquote></div> |
| <h4> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.h0"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.how_to_use_this_documentation"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.how_to_use_this_documentation">How |
| to Use This Documentation</a> |
| </h4> |
| <p> |
| This documentation makes use of the following naming and formatting conventions. |
| </p> |
| <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| Code is in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fixed</span> <span class="identifier">width</span> |
| <span class="identifier">font</span></code> and is syntax-highlighted. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| Replaceable text that you will need to supply is in <em class="replaceable"><code>italics</code></em>. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| Free functions are rendered in the code font followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">()</span></code>, as in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">free_function</span><span class="special">()</span></code>. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| If a name refers to a class template, it is specified like this: <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_template</span><span class="special"><></span></code>; |
| that is, it is in code font and its name is followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><></span></code> |
| to indicate that it is a class template. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| If a name refers to a function-like macro, it is specified like this: |
| <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MACRO</span><span class="special">()</span></code>; |
| that is, it is uppercase in code font and its name is followed by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">()</span></code> to indicate that it is a function-like |
| macro. Object-like macros appear without the trailing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">()</span></code>. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| Names that refer to <span class="emphasis"><em>concepts</em></span> in the generic programming |
| sense are specified in CamelCase. |
| </li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note"> |
| <tr> |
| <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td> |
| <th align="left">Note</th> |
| </tr> |
| <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p> |
| In addition, notes such as this one specify non-essential information that |
| provides additional background or rationale. |
| </p></td></tr> |
| </table></div> |
| <p> |
| Finally, you can mentally add the following to any code fragments in this document: |
| </p> |
| <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Include all of Chrono files</span> |
| <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span> |
| </pre> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.motivation"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation" title="Motivation">Motivation</a> |
| </h3></div></div></div> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.motivation.h0"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.motivation.time"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation.time">Time</a> |
| </h5> |
| <p> |
| We all deal with time every day of our lives. We've intuitively known it |
| since birth. Thus we are all very familiar with it and believe it to be a |
| simple matter. The modeling of time in computer programs should be similarly |
| simple. The unfortunate truth is that this perceived simplicity is only skin |
| deep. Fortunately, we do not need a terribly complicated solution to meet |
| the bulk of our needs. However, overly simplistic solutions can be dangerous |
| and inefficient, and won't adapt as the computer industry evolves. |
| </p> |
| <p> |
| <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> implements the new time facilities |
| in C++11, as proposed in <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2008/n2661.htm" target="_top"><span class="bold"><strong>N2661 - A Foundation to Sleep On</strong></span></a>. That document |
| provides background and motivation for key design decisions and is the source |
| of a good deal of information in this documentation. |
| </p> |
| <p> |
| In addition to the clocks provided by the standard proposal, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> |
| provides specific process and thread clocks. |
| </p> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.motivation.h1"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.motivation.wall_clock_versus_system_and_user_time"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.motivation.wall_clock_versus_system_and_user_time">Wall |
| clock versus system and user time</a> |
| </h5> |
| <p> |
| To make the timing facilities of Boost.Chrono more generally useful, the |
| library provides a number of clocks that are thin wrappers around the operating |
| system's process time API, thereby allowing the extraction of wall clock |
| time, user CPU time, and system CPU time of the process. Wall clock time |
| is the sum of CPU time and system CPU time. (On POSIX-like systems, this |
| relies on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">times</span><span class="special">()</span></code>. |
| On Windows, it relies on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">GetProcessTimes</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.) |
| </p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.description"></a><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description" title="Description">Description</a> |
| </h3></div></div></div> |
| <p> |
| The <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> library provides: |
| </p> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.description.h0"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.standard"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.standard">Standard</a> |
| </h5> |
| <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| A means to represent time durations: managed by the generic <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> class . Examples of |
| time durations include days, <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration_typedefs" title="duration typedefs"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">minutes</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration_typedefs" title="duration typedefs"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">seconds</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration_typedefs" title="duration typedefs"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">nanoseconds</span></code></a>, which can be represented |
| with a fixed number of clock ticks per unit. All of these units of time |
| duration are united with a generic interface by the <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> facility. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| A type for representing points in time: <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a>. A <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> represents an epoch |
| plus or minus a <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a>. The library leaves |
| epochs unspecified. A <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> is associated with |
| a <span class="emphasis"><em>clock</em></span>. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| Several clocks, some of which may not be available on a particular platform: |
| <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.system_clocks_hpp.system_clock" title="Class system_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_clock</span></code></a>, <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.system_clocks_hpp.steady_clock" title="Class steady_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">steady_clock</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.system_clocks_hpp.high_resolution_clock" title="Class high_resolution_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">high_resolution_clock</span></code></a>. A clock |
| is a pairing of a <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a>, and a function which |
| returns a <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> representing <span class="emphasis"><em>now</em></span>. |
| </li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.description.h1"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.other_clocks"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.other_clocks">Other |
| clocks</a> |
| </h5> |
| <p> |
| To make the timing facilities more generally useful, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> |
| provides a number of clocks that are thin wrappers around the operating system's |
| time APIs, thereby allowing the extraction of wall clock time, user CPU time, |
| system CPU time spent by the process, |
| </p> |
| <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_real_cpu_clock" title="Class process_real_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_real_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, captures |
| wall clock CPU time spent by the current process. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_user_cpu_clock" title="Class process_user_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_user_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, captures |
| user-CPU time spent by the current process. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_system_cpu_clock" title="Class process_system_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_system_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, captures |
| system-CPU time spent by the current process. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| A tuple-like class <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.process_cpu_clocks_hpp.process_cpu_clock" title="Class process_cpu_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">process_cpu_clock</span></code></a>, that captures |
| real, user-CPU, and system-CPU process times together. |
| </li> |
| <li class="listitem"> |
| A <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.other_clocks.thread_clock_hpp.thread_clock" title="Class thread_clock"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">thread_clock</span></code></a> thread steady clock |
| giving the time spent by the current thread (when supported by a platform). |
| </li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <p> |
| Lastly, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Chrono</strong></span> includes <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/typeof" target="_top">typeof</a> |
| registration for <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> to permit using emulated |
| auto with C++03 compilers. |
| </p> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.description.h2"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.i_o"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.i_o">I/O</a> |
| </h5> |
| <p> |
| It provides I/O for <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> and <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a>. This I/O makes use of |
| these types much more convenient. In following the "you only pay for |
| what you use" philosophy, this extra functionality is located in a header |
| separate from <boost/chrono/chrono.hpp>, namely <boost/chrono/chrono_io.hpp>. |
| </p> |
| <p> |
| It builds on <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">ratio</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">ratio_io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code> |
| to provide readable and flexible formatting and parsing for types in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">chrono</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span></code>. |
| This textural representation uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes" target="_top">SI |
| prefixes</a> whenever possible. This makes it easy for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">milliseconds</span></code> to be represented by the text |
| "milliseconds", or a hypothetical meter class to print out "millimeter". |
| The <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.duration_hpp.duration" title="Class Template duration<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration</span></code></a> and the <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.cpp0x.time_point_hpp.time_point" title="Class template time_point<>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code></a> i/o can be customized |
| through the new facets: <a class="link" href="chrono/reference.html#chrono.reference.io.duration_units_hpp.duration_units" title="Template Class duration_units"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">duration_units</span></code></a> and __time_point_units. |
| The user can specialize these facets so that the chrono i/o could be localizable. |
| However Boost.Chrono doesn't provides a complete locale solution. |
| </p> |
| <p> |
| <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">system_clock</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">time_point</span></code> I/O is proposed in terms of |
| UTC timepoints, strongly guided by ISO 9899:1999, Programming languages - |
| C, ISO 9945:2003, Information Technology - Portable Operating System Interface |
| (POSIX) and ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats - Information |
| interchange - Representation of dates and times. |
| </p> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.description.h3"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.rounding_utilities"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.rounding_utilities">Rounding |
| utilities</a> |
| </h5> |
| <p> |
| A few simple rounding utility functions for working with durations. |
| </p> |
| <h5> |
| <a name="chrono.overview.description.h4"></a> |
| <span class="phrase"><a name="chrono.overview.description.caveat_emptor"></a></span><a class="link" href="chrono.html#chrono.overview.description.caveat_emptor">Caveat |
| Emptor</a> |
| </h5> |
| <p> |
| The underlying clocks provided by operating systems are subject to many seemingly |
| arbitrary policies and implementation irregularities. That's a polite way |
| of saying they tend to be flakey, and each operating system or even each |
| clock has its own cruel and unusual forms of flakiness. Don't bet the farm |
| on their accuracy, unless you have become deeply familiar with exactly what |
| the specific operating system is guaranteeing, which is often very little. |
| </p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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| <td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: April 07, 2015 at 22:48:43 GMT</small></p></td> |
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