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 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html" title="Sharing memory between processes">Sharing memory
     between processes</a>
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 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory">Shared
       memory</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file">Memory
       Mapped Files</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region">More
       About Mapped Regions</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations">Limitations
       When Constructing Objects In Mapped Regions</a></span></dt>
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 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory" title="Shared memory">Shared
       memory</a>
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 <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_what_is">What
         is shared memory?</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_steps">Creating
         memory segments that can be shared between processes</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_header">Header</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_creating_shared_memory_segments">Creating
         shared memory segments</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_mapping_shared_memory_segments">Mapping
         Shared Memory Segments</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_a_simple_example">A
         Simple Example</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.emulation">Emulation
         for systems without shared memory objects</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.removing">Removing
         shared memory</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.anonymous_shared_memory">Anonymous
         shared memory for UNIX systems</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.windows_shared_memory">Native
         windows shared memory</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.xsi_shared_memory">XSI
         shared memory</a></span></dt>
 </dl></div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_what_is"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_what_is" title="What is shared memory?">What
         is shared memory?</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Shared memory is the fastest interprocess communication mechanism. The
           operating system maps a memory segment in the address space of several
           processes, so that several processes can read and write in that memory
           segment without calling operating system functions. However, we need some
           kind of synchronization between processes that read and write shared memory.
         </p>
 <p>
           Consider what happens when a server process wants to send an HTML file
           to a client process that resides in the same machine using network mechanisms:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               The server must read the file to memory and pass it to the network
               functions, that copy that memory to the OS's internal memory.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               The client uses the network functions to copy the data from the OS's
               internal memory to its own memory.
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           As we can see, there are two copies, one from memory to the network and
           another one from the network to memory. And those copies are made using
           operating system calls that normally are expensive. Shared memory avoids
           this overhead, but we need to synchronize both processes:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               The server maps a shared memory in its address space and also gets
               access to a synchronization mechanism. The server obtains exclusive
               access to the memory using the synchronization mechanism and copies
               the file to memory.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               The client maps the shared memory in its address space. Waits until
               the server releases the exclusive access and uses the data.
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           Using shared memory, we can avoid two data copies, but we have to synchronize
           the access to the shared memory segment.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_steps"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_steps" title="Creating memory segments that can be shared between processes">Creating
         memory segments that can be shared between processes</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           To use shared memory, we have to perform 2 basic steps:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               Request to the operating system a memory segment that can be shared
               between processes. The user can create/destroy/open this memory using
               a <span class="bold"><strong>shared memory object</strong></span>: <span class="emphasis"><em>An
               object that represents memory that can be mapped concurrently into
               the address space of more than one process.</em></span>.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Associate a part of that memory or the whole memory with the address
               space of the calling process. The operating system looks for a big
               enough memory address range in the calling process' address space and
               marks that address range as an special range. Changes in that address
               range are automatically seen by other process that also have mapped
               the same shared memory object.
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           Once the two steps have been successfully completed, the process can start
           writing to and reading from the address space to send to and receive data
           from other processes. Now, let's see how can we do this using <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>:
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_header"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_header" title="Header">Header</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           To manage shared memory, you just need to include the following header:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 </pre>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_creating_shared_memory_segments"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_creating_shared_memory_segments" title="Creating shared memory segments">Creating
         shared memory segments</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           As we've mentioned we have to use the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span></code>
           class to create, open and destroy shared memory segments that can be mapped
           by several processes. We can specify the access mode of that shared memory
           object (read only or read-write), just as if it was a file:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
               Create a shared memory segment. Throws if already created:
             </li></ul></div>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span> <span class="identifier">shm_obj</span>
    <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">create_only</span>                  <span class="comment">//only create</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"shared_memory"</span>              <span class="comment">//name</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">read_write</span>                   <span class="comment">//read-write mode</span>
    <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
               To open or create a shared memory segment:
             </li></ul></div>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span> <span class="identifier">shm_obj</span>
    <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">open_or_create</span>               <span class="comment">//open or create</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"shared_memory"</span>              <span class="comment">//name</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">read_only</span>                    <span class="comment">//read-only mode</span>
    <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem">
               To only open a shared memory segment. Throws if does not exist:
             </li></ul></div>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span> <span class="identifier">shm_obj</span>
    <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">open_only</span>                    <span class="comment">//only open</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"shared_memory"</span>              <span class="comment">//name</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">read_write</span>                   <span class="comment">//read-write mode</span>
    <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           When a shared memory object is created, its size is 0. To set the size
           of the shared memory, the user must use the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">truncate</span></code>
           function call, in a shared memory that has been opened with read-write
           attributes:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">shm_obj</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">truncate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">10000</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           As shared memory has kernel or filesystem persistence, the user must explicitly
           destroy it. The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">remove</span></code>
           operation might fail returning false if the shared memory does not exist,
           the file is open or the file is still memory mapped by other processes:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"shared_memory"</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           For more details regarding <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span></code>
           see the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/shared_memory_object.html" title="Class shared_memory_object">boost::interprocess::shared_memory_object</a></code>
           class reference.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_mapping_shared_memory_segments"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_mapping_shared_memory_segments" title="Mapping Shared Memory Segments">Mapping
         Shared Memory Segments</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Once created or opened, a process just has to map the shared memory object
           in the process' address space. The user can map the whole shared memory
           or just part of it. The mapping process is done using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code> class. The class represents
           a memory region that has been mapped from a shared memory or from other
           devices that have also mapping capabilities (for example, files). A <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code> can be created from any
           <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">memory_mappable</span></code> object
           and as you might imagine, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span></code>
           is a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">memory_mappable</span></code> object:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">ShmSize</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">...</span>

 <span class="comment">//Map the second half of the memory</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span>
    <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                      <span class="comment">//Memory-mappable object</span>
    <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>               <span class="comment">//Access mode</span>
    <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ShmSize</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>                <span class="comment">//Offset from the beginning of shm</span>
    <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">ShmSize</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">ShmSize</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>        <span class="comment">//Length of the region</span>
    <span class="special">);</span>

 <span class="comment">//Get the address of the region</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">();</span>

 <span class="comment">//Get the size of the region</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           The user can specify the offset from the mappable object where the mapped
           region should start and the size of the mapped region. If no offset or
           size is specified, the whole mappable object (in this case, shared memory)
           is mapped. If the offset is specified, but not the size, the mapped region
           covers from the offset until the end of the mappable object.
         </p>
 <p>
           For more details regarding <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code>
           see the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/mapped_region.html" title="Class mapped_region">boost::interprocess::mapped_region</a></code>
           class reference.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_a_simple_example"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.shared_memory_a_simple_example" title="A Simple Example">A
         Simple Example</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Let's see a simple example of shared memory use. A server process creates
           a shared memory object, maps it and initializes all the bytes to a value.
           After that, a client process opens the shared memory, maps it, and checks
           that the data is correctly initialized:
         </p>
 <p>
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstring</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstdlib</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">argc</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[])</span>
 <span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>

    <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argc</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">){</span>  <span class="comment">//Parent process</span>
       <span class="comment">//Remove shared memory on construction and destruction</span>
       <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span>
       <span class="special">{</span>
          <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
          <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">(){</span> <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
       <span class="special">}</span> <span class="identifier">remover</span><span class="special">;</span>

       <span class="comment">//Create a shared memory object.</span>
       <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">create_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Set size</span>
       <span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">truncate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole shared memory in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Write all the memory to 1</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memset</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">());</span>

       <span class="comment">//Launch child process</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]);</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="string">" child "</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">()))</span>
          <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">{</span>
       <span class="comment">//Open already created shared memory object.</span>
       <span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">open_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole shared memory in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Check that memory was initialized to 1</span>
       <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">());</span>
       <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
          <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span>
             <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>   <span class="comment">//Error checking memory</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="special">}</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.emulation"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.emulation" title="Emulation for systems without shared memory objects">Emulation
         for systems without shared memory objects</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span> provides portable shared
           memory in terms of POSIX semantics. Some operating systems don't support
           shared memory as defined by POSIX:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               Windows operating systems provide shared memory using memory backed
               by the paging file but the lifetime semantics are different from the
               ones defined by POSIX (see <a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.windows_shared_memory" title="Native windows shared memory">Native
               windows shared memory</a> section for more information).
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Some UNIX systems don't fully support POSIX shared memory objects at
               all.
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           In those platforms, shared memory is emulated with mapped files created
           in a "boost_interprocess" folder created in a temporary files
           directory. In Windows platforms, if "Common AppData" key is present
           in the registry, "boost_interprocess" folder is created in that
           directory (in XP usually "C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application
           Data" and in Vista "C:\ProgramData"). For Windows platforms
           without that registry key and Unix systems, shared memory is created in
           the system temporary files directory ("/tmp" or similar).
         </p>
 <p>
           Because of this emulation, shared memory has filesystem lifetime in some
           of those systems.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.removing"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.removing" title="Removing shared memory">Removing
         shared memory</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/shared_memory_object.html" title="Class shared_memory_object">shared_memory_object</a></code>
           provides a static <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">remove</span></code>
           function to remove a shared memory objects.
         </p>
 <p>
           This function <span class="bold"><strong>can</strong></span> fail if the shared memory
           objects does not exist or it's opened by another process. Note that this
           function is similar to the standard C <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span>
           <span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">path</span><span class="special">)</span></code> function. In UNIX systems, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span></code> calls <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shm_unlink</span></code>:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               The function will remove the name of the shared memory object named
               by the string pointed to by name.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               If one or more references to the shared memory object exist when is
               unlinked, the name will be removed before the function returns, but
               the removal of the memory object contents will be postponed until all
               open and map references to the shared memory object have been removed.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Even if the object continues to exist after the last function call,
               reuse of the name will subsequently cause the creation of a <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/shared_memory_object.html" title="Class shared_memory_object">boost::interprocess::shared_memory_object</a></code>
               instance to behave as if no shared memory object of this name exists
               (that is, trying to open an object with that name will fail and an
               object of the same name can be created again).
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           In Windows operating systems, current version supports an usually acceptable
           emulation of the UNIX unlink behaviour: the file is renamed with a random
           name and marked as <span class="emphasis"><em>to be deleted when the last open handle is
           closed</em></span>.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.anonymous_shared_memory"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.anonymous_shared_memory" title="Anonymous shared memory for UNIX systems">Anonymous
         shared memory for UNIX systems</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Creating a shared memory segment and mapping it can be a bit tedious when
           several processes are involved. When processes are related via <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fork</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
           operating system call in UNIX systems a simpler method is available using
           anonymous shared memory.
         </p>
 <p>
           This feature has been implemented in UNIX systems mapping the device <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">\</span><span class="identifier">dev</span><span class="special">\</span><span class="identifier">zero</span></code>
           or just using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">MAP_ANONYMOUS</span></code>
           in a POSIX conformant <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mmap</span></code>
           system call.
         </p>
 <p>
           This feature is wrapped in <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
           using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">anonymous_shared_memory</span><span class="special">()</span></code> function, which returns a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code> object holding an anonymous
           shared memory segment that can be shared by related processes.
         </p>
 <p>
           Here is an example:
         </p>
 <p>
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">anonymous_shared_memory</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstring</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span> <span class="special">()</span>
 <span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">{</span>
       <span class="comment">//Create an anonymous shared memory segment with size 1000</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">anonymous_shared_memory</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">));</span>

       <span class="comment">//Write all the memory to 1</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memset</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">());</span>

       <span class="comment">//The segment is unmapped when "region" goes out of scope</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">interprocess_exception</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">ex</span><span class="special">){</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">ex</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">what</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="special">}</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
         </p>
 <p>
           Once the segment is created, a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">fork</span><span class="special">()</span></code> call can be used so that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">region</span></code> is used to communicate two related
           processes.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.windows_shared_memory"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.windows_shared_memory" title="Native windows shared memory">Native
         windows shared memory</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Windows operating system also offers shared memory, but the lifetime of
           this shared memory is very different to kernel or filesystem lifetime.
           The shared memory is created backed by the pagefile and it's automatically
           destroyed when the last process attached to the shared memory is destroyed.
         </p>
 <p>
           Because of this reason, there is no effective way to simulate kernel or
           filesystem persistence using native windows shared memory and <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span> emulates shared memory using
           memory mapped files. This assures portability between POSIX and Windows
           operating systems.
         </p>
 <p>
           However, accessing native windows shared memory is a common request of
           <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span> users because they
           want to access to shared memory created with other process that don't use
           <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>. In order to manage
           the native windows shared memory <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
           offers the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/windows_shared_memory.html" title="Class windows_shared_memory">windows_shared_memory</a></code>
           class.
         </p>
 <p>
           Windows shared memory creation is a bit different from portable shared
           memory creation: the size of the segment must be specified when creating
           the object and can't be specified through <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">truncate</span></code>
           like with the shared memory object. Take in care that when the last process
           attached to a shared memory is destroyed <span class="bold"><strong>the shared
           memory is destroyed</strong></span> so there is <span class="bold"><strong>no persistency</strong></span>
           with native windows shared memory.
         </p>
 <p>
           Sharing memory between services and user applications is also different.
           To share memory between services and user applications the name of the
           shared memory must start with the global namespace prefix <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"Global\\"</span></code>. This global namespace
           enables processes on multiple client sessions to communicate with a service
           application. The server component can create the shared memory in the global
           namespace. Then a client session can use the "Global" prefix
           to open that memory.
         </p>
 <p>
           The creation of a shared memory object in the global namespace from a session
           other than session zero is a privileged operation.
         </p>
 <p>
           Let's repeat the same example presented for the portable shared memory
           object: A server process creates a shared memory object, maps it and initializes
           all the bytes to a value. After that, a client process opens the shared
           memory, maps it, and checks that the data is correctly initialized. Take
           in care that <span class="bold"><strong>if the server exits before the client
           connects to the shared memory the client connection will fail</strong></span>,
           because the shared memory segment is destroyed when no proces is attached
           to the memory.
         </p>
 <p>
           This is the server process:
         </p>
 <p>
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">windows_shared_memory</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstring</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstdlib</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">argc</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[])</span>
 <span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>

    <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argc</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">){</span>  <span class="comment">//Parent process</span>
       <span class="comment">//Create a native windows shared memory object.</span>
       <span class="identifier">windows_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">create_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole shared memory in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Write all the memory to 1</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memset</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">());</span>

       <span class="comment">//Launch child process</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]);</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="string">" child "</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">()))</span>
          <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="comment">//windows_shared_memory is destroyed when the last attached process dies...</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">{</span>
       <span class="comment">//Open already created shared memory object.</span>
       <span class="identifier">windows_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">open_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"MySharedMemory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole shared memory in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Check that memory was initialized to 1</span>
       <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">());</span>
       <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
          <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span>
             <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>   <span class="comment">//Error checking memory</span>
       <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="special">}</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
         </p>
 <p>
           As we can see, native windows shared memory needs synchronization to make
           sure that the shared memory won't be destroyed before the client is launched.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.xsi_shared_memory"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.sharedmemory.xsi_shared_memory" title="XSI shared memory">XSI
         shared memory</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           In many UNIX systems, the OS offers another shared memory memory mechanism,
           XSI (X/Open System Interfaces) shared memory segments, also known as "System
           V" shared memory. This shared memory mechanism is quite popular and
           portable, and it's not based in file-mapping semantics, but it uses special
           functions (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shmget</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shmat</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shmdt</span></code>,
           <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shmctl</span></code>...).
         </p>
 <p>
           Unlike POSIX shared memory segments, XSI shared memory segments are not
           identified by names but by 'keys' usually created with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ftok</span></code>.
           XSI shared memory segments have kernel lifetime and must be explicitly
           removed. XSI shared memory does not support copy-on-write and partial shared
           memory mapping but it supports anonymous shared memory.
         </p>
 <p>
           <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span> offers simple (<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/xsi_shared_memory.html" title="Class xsi_shared_memory">xsi_shared_memory</a></code>)
           and managed (<code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/managed_xsi_shared_memory.html" title="Type definition managed_xsi_shared_memory">managed_xsi_shared_memory</a></code>)
           shared memory classes to ease the use of XSI shared memory. It also wraps
           key creation with the simple <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/xsi_key.html" title="Class xsi_key">xsi_key</a></code>
           class.
         </p>
 <p>
           Let's repeat the same example presented for the portable shared memory
           object: A server process creates a shared memory object, maps it and initializes
           all the bytes to a value. After that, a client process opens the shared
           memory, maps it, and checks that the data is correctly initialized.
         </p>
 <p>
           This is the server process:
         </p>
 <p>
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">xsi_shared_memory</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstring</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstdlib</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

 <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>

 <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">remove_old_shared_memory</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">xsi_key</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">)</span>
 <span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">{</span>
       <span class="identifier">xsi_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">xsi</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">open_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">);</span>
       <span class="identifier">xsi_shared_memory</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xsi</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_shmid</span><span class="special">());</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">interprocess_exception</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">){</span>
       <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_error_code</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">not_found_error</span><span class="special">)</span>
          <span class="keyword">throw</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
 <span class="special">}</span>

 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">argc</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[])</span>
 <span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argc</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">){</span>  <span class="comment">//Parent process</span>
       <span class="comment">//Build XSI key (ftok based)</span>
       <span class="identifier">xsi_key</span> <span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">],</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="identifier">remove_old_shared_memory</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Create a shared memory object.</span>
       <span class="identifier">xsi_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">create_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1000</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Remove shared memory on destruction</span>
       <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span>
       <span class="special">{</span>
          <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">shmid_</span><span class="special">;</span>
          <span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">shmid</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">shmid_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shmid</span><span class="special">){}</span>
          <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">shm_remove</span><span class="special">(){</span> <span class="identifier">xsi_shared_memory</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shmid_</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
       <span class="special">}</span> <span class="identifier">remover</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_shmid</span><span class="special">());</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole shared memory in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Write all the memory to 1</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memset</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">());</span>

       <span class="comment">//Launch child process</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]);</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="string">" child "</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">()))</span>
          <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">{</span>
       <span class="comment">//Build XSI key (ftok based)</span>
       <span class="identifier">xsi_key</span> <span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">],</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Create a shared memory object.</span>
       <span class="identifier">xsi_shared_memory</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">open_only</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">key</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole shared memory in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">shm</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Check that memory was initialized to 1</span>
       <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">());</span>
       <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
          <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span>
             <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>   <span class="comment">//Error checking memory</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="special">}</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
         </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file" title="Memory Mapped Files">Memory
       Mapped Files</a>
 </h3></div></div></div>
 <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_what_is">What
         is a memory mapped file?</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_steps">Using
         mapped files</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_header">Header</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_creating_file">Creating
         a file mapping</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_mapping_regions">Mapping
         File's Contents In Memory</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_a_simple_example">A
         Simple Example</a></span></dt>
 </dl></div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_what_is"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_what_is" title="What is a memory mapped file?">What
         is a memory mapped file?</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           File mapping is the association of a file's contents with a portion of
           the address space of a process. The system creates a file mapping to associate
           the file and the address space of the process. A mapped region is the portion
           of address space that the process uses to access the file's contents. A
           single file mapping can have several mapped regions, so that the user can
           associate parts of the file with the address space of the process without
           mapping the entire file in the address space, since the file can be bigger
           than the whole address space of the process (a 9GB DVD image file in a
           usual 32 bit systems). Processes read from and write to the file using
           pointers, just like with dynamic memory. File mapping has the following
           advantages:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               Uniform resource use. Files and memory can be treated using the same
               functions.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Automatic file data synchronization and cache from the OS.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Reuse of C++ utilities (STL containers, algorithms) in files.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Shared memory between two or more applications.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Allows efficient work with a large files, without mapping the whole
               file into memory
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               If several processes use the same file mapping to create mapped regions
               of a file, each process' views contain identical copies of the file
               on disk.
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           File mapping is not only used for interprocess communication, it can be
           used also to simplify file usage, so the user does not need to use file-management
           functions to write the file. The user just writes data to the process memory,
           and the operating systems dumps the data to the file.
         </p>
 <p>
           When two processes map the same file in memory, the memory that one process
           writes is seen by another process, so memory mapped files can be used as
           an interprocess communication mechanism. We can say that memory-mapped
           files offer the same interprocess communication services as shared memory
           with the addition of filesystem persistence. However, as the operating
           system has to synchronize the file contents with the memory contents, memory-mapped
           files are not as fast as shared memory.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_steps"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_steps" title="Using mapped files">Using
         mapped files</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           To use memory-mapped files, we have to perform 2 basic steps:
         </p>
 <div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
 <li class="listitem">
               Create a mappable object that represent an already created file of
               the filesystem. This object will be used to create multiple mapped
               regions of the the file.
             </li>
 <li class="listitem">
               Associate the whole file or parts of the file with the address space
               of the calling process. The operating system looks for a big enough
               memory address range in the calling process' address space and marks
               that address range as an special range. Changes in that address range
               are automatically seen by other process that also have mapped the same
               file and those changes are also transferred to the disk automatically.
             </li>
 </ul></div>
 <p>
           Once the two steps have been successfully completed, the process can start
           writing to and reading from the address space to send to and receive data
           from other processes and synchronize the file's contents with the changes
           made to the mapped region. Now, let's see how can we do this using <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>:
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_header"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_header" title="Header">Header</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           To manage mapped files, you just need to include the following header:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">file_mapping</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 </pre>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_creating_file"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_creating_file" title="Creating a file mapping">Creating
         a file mapping</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           First, we have to link a file's contents with the process' address space.
           To do this, we have to create a mappable object that represents that file.
           This is achieved in <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
           creating a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">file_mapping</span></code>
           object:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">file_mapping</span> <span class="identifier">m_file</span>
    <span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"/usr/home/file"</span>       <span class="comment">//filename</span>
    <span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">read_write</span>             <span class="comment">//read-write mode</span>
    <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           Now we can use the newly created object to create mapped regions. For more
           details regarding this class see the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/file_mapping.html" title="Class file_mapping">boost::interprocess::file_mapping</a></code>
           class reference.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_mapping_regions"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_mapping_regions" title="Mapping File's Contents In Memory">Mapping
         File's Contents In Memory</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           After creating a file mapping, a process just has to map the shared memory
           in the process' address space. The user can map the whole shared memory
           or just part of it. The mapping process is done using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code> class. as we have said
           before The class represents a memory region that has been mapped from a
           shared memory or from other devices that have also mapping capabilities:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">FileSize</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">...</span>

 <span class="comment">//Map the second half of the file</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span>
    <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">m_file</span>                   <span class="comment">//Memory-mappable object</span>
    <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>               <span class="comment">//Access mode</span>
    <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FileSize</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>               <span class="comment">//Offset from the beginning of shm</span>
    <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FileSize</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">FileSize</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>      <span class="comment">//Length of the region</span>
    <span class="special">);</span>

 <span class="comment">//Get the address of the region</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">();</span>

 <span class="comment">//Get the size of the region</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           The user can specify the offset from the file where the mapped region should
           start and the size of the mapped region. If no offset or size is specified,
           the whole file is mapped. If the offset is specified, but not the size,
           the mapped region covers from the offset until the end of the file.
         </p>
 <p>
           If several processes map the same file, and a process modifies a memory
           range from a mapped region that is also mapped by other process, the changes
           are inmedially visible to other processes. However, the file contents on
           disk are not updated immediately, since that would hurt performance (writing
           to disk is several times slower than writing to memory). If the user wants
           to make sure that file's contents have been updated, it can flush a range
           from the view to disk. When the function returns, the flushing process
           has startd but there is not guarantee that all data has been written to
           disk:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//Flush the whole region</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">flush</span><span class="special">();</span>

 <span class="comment">//Flush from an offset until the end of the region</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">flush</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">offset</span><span class="special">);</span>

 <span class="comment">//Flush a memory range starting on an offset</span>
 <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">flush</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">offset</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           Remember that the offset is <span class="bold"><strong>not</strong></span> an offset
           on the file, but an offset in the mapped region. If a region covers the
           second half of a file and flushes the whole region, only the half of the
           file is guaranteed to have been flushed.
         </p>
 <p>
           For more details regarding <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code>
           see the <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/mapped_region.html" title="Class mapped_region">boost::interprocess::mapped_region</a></code>
           class reference.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_a_simple_example"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_file.mapped_file_a_simple_example" title="A Simple Example">A
         Simple Example</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Let's reproduce the same example described in the shared memory section,
           using memory mapped files. A server process creates a shared memory segment,
           maps it and initializes all the bytes to a value. After that, a client
           process opens the shared memory, maps it, and checks that the data is correctly
           initialized::
         </p>
 <p>
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">file_mapping</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">fstream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstring</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstddef</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstdlib</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">argc</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[])</span>
 <span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">interprocess</span><span class="special">;</span>

    <span class="comment">//Define file names</span>
    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span>  <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"file.bin"</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">FileSize</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">10000</span><span class="special">;</span>

    <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argc</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">){</span> <span class="comment">//Parent process executes this</span>
       <span class="special">{</span>  <span class="comment">//Create a file</span>
          <span class="identifier">file_mapping</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">);</span>
          <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filebuf</span> <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">;</span>
          <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">out</span>
                               <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">trunc</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">binary</span><span class="special">);</span>
          <span class="comment">//Set the size</span>
          <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pubseekoff</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileSize</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">beg</span><span class="special">);</span>
          <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">sputc</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
       <span class="special">}</span>

       <span class="comment">//Remove on exit</span>
       <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">file_remove</span>
       <span class="special">{</span>
          <span class="identifier">file_remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">)</span>
             <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">FileName_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
          <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">file_remove</span><span class="special">(){</span> <span class="identifier">file_mapping</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">remove</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName_</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
          <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">FileName_</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="special">}</span> <span class="identifier">remover</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Create a file mapping</span>
       <span class="identifier">file_mapping</span> <span class="identifier">m_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Map the whole file with read-write permissions in this process</span>
       <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">m_file</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Get the address of the mapped region</span>
       <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">addr</span>       <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">();</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">size</span>  <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span>

       <span class="comment">//Write all the memory to 1</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memset</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">addr</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">);</span>

       <span class="comment">//Launch child process</span>
       <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">argv</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]);</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="string">" child "</span><span class="special">;</span>
       <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">system</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">()))</span>
          <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">{</span>  <span class="comment">//Child process executes this</span>
       <span class="special">{</span>  <span class="comment">//Open the file mapping and map it as read-only</span>
          <span class="identifier">file_mapping</span> <span class="identifier">m_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

          <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">m_file</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_only</span><span class="special">);</span>

          <span class="comment">//Get the address of the mapped region</span>
          <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">addr</span>       <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_address</span><span class="special">();</span>
          <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">size</span>  <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">region</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get_size</span><span class="special">();</span>

          <span class="comment">//Check that memory was initialized to 1</span>
          <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">addr</span><span class="special">);</span>
          <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
             <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span>
                <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>   <span class="comment">//Error checking memory</span>
       <span class="special">}</span>
       <span class="special">{</span>  <span class="comment">//Now test it reading the file</span>
          <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filebuf</span> <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">;</span>
          <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileName</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="special">|</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ios_base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">binary</span><span class="special">);</span>

          <span class="comment">//Read it to memory</span>
          <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">vect</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FileSize</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
          <span class="identifier">fbuf</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">sgetn</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vect</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">],</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">streamsize</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vect</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">()));</span>

          <span class="comment">//Check that memory was initialized to 1</span>
          <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">static_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*&gt;(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vect</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">]);</span>
          <span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">FileSize</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">)</span>
             <span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">mem</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span>
                <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">;</span>   <span class="comment">//Error checking memory</span>
       <span class="special">}</span>
    <span class="special">}</span>

    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
 <span class="special">}</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
         </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region" title="More About Mapped Regions">More
       About Mapped Regions</a>
 </h3></div></div></div>
 <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_one_class">One
         Class To Rule Them All</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_address_mapping">Mapping
         Address In Several Processes</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_fixed_address_mapping">Fixed
         Address Mapping</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_mapping_problems">Mapping
         Offset And Address Limitations</a></span></dt>
 </dl></div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_one_class"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_one_class" title="One Class To Rule Them All">One
         Class To Rule Them All</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           As we have seen, both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_memory_object</span></code>
           and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">file_mapping</span></code> objects
           can be used to create <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code>
           objects. A mapped region created from a shared memory object or a file
           mapping are the same class and this has many advantages.
         </p>
 <p>
           One can, for example, mix in STL containers mapped regions from shared
           memory and memory mapped files. Libraries that only depend on mapped regions
           can be used to work with shared memory or memory mapped files without recompiling
           them.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_address_mapping"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_address_mapping" title="Mapping Address In Several Processes">Mapping
         Address In Several Processes</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           In the example we have seen, the file or shared memory contents are mapped
           to the address space of the process, but the address was chosen by the
           operating system.
         </p>
 <p>
           If several processes map the same file/shared memory, the mapping address
           will be surely different in each process. Since each process might have
           used its address space in a different way (allocation of more or less dynamic
           memory, for example), there is no guarantee that the file/shared memory
           is going to be mapped in the same address.
         </p>
 <p>
           If two processes map the same object in different addresses, this invalidates
           the use of pointers in that memory, since the pointer (which is an absolute
           address) would only make sense for the process that wrote it. The solution
           for this is to use offsets (distance) between objects instead of pointers:
           If two objects are placed in the same shared memory segment by one process,
           <span class="bold"><strong>the address of each object will be different</strong></span>
           in another process but <span class="bold"><strong>the distance between them
           (in bytes) will be the same</strong></span>.
         </p>
 <p>
           So the first advice when mapping shared memory and memory mapped files
           is to avoid using raw pointers, unless you know what you are doing. Use
           offsets between data or relative pointers to obtain pointer functionality
           when an object placed in a mapped region wants to point to an object placed
           in the same mapped region. <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span>
           offers a smart pointer called <code class="computeroutput"><a class="link" href="../boost/interprocess/offset_ptr.html" title="Class template offset_ptr">boost::interprocess::offset_ptr</a></code>
           that can be safely placed in shared memory and that can be used to point
           to another object placed in the same shared memory / memory mapped file.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_fixed_address_mapping"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_fixed_address_mapping" title="Fixed Address Mapping">Fixed
         Address Mapping</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           The use of relative pointers is less efficient than using raw pointers,
           so if a user can succeed mapping the same file or shared memory object
           in the same address in two processes, using raw pointers can be a good
           idea.
         </p>
 <p>
           To map an object in a fixed address, the user can specify that address
           in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped</span> <span class="identifier">region</span></code>'s
           constructor:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                         <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>                  <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span>                           <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span>                           <span class="comment">//Map until the end</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*)</span><span class="number">0x3F000000</span>           <span class="comment">//Map it exactly there</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           However, the user can't map the region in any address, even if the address
           is not being used. The offset parameter that marks the start of the mapping
           region is also limited. These limitations are explained in the next section.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_mapping_problems"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region.mapped_region_mapping_problems" title="Mapping Offset And Address Limitations">Mapping
         Offset And Address Limitations</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           As mentioned, the user can't map the memory mappable object at any address
           and it can specify the offset of the mappable object that is equivalent
           to the start of the mapping region to an arbitrary value. Most operating
           systems limit the mapping address and the offset of the mappable object
           to a multiple of a value called <span class="bold"><strong>page size</strong></span>.
           This is due to the fact that the <span class="bold"><strong>operating system
           performs mapping operations over whole pages</strong></span>.
         </p>
 <p>
           If fixed mapping address is used, <span class="emphasis"><em>offset</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>address</em></span>
           parameters should be multiples of that value. This value is, typically,
           4KB or 8KB for 32 bit operating systems.
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//These might fail because the offset is not a multiple of the page size</span>
 <span class="comment">//and we are using fixed address mapping</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region1</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                   <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>            <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span>                     <span class="comment">//Map from offset 1</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span>                     <span class="comment">//Map 1 byte</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*)</span><span class="number">0x3F000000</span>     <span class="comment">//Aligned mapping address</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>

 <span class="comment">//These might fail because the address is not a multiple of the page size</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region2</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                   <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>            <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span>                     <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span>                     <span class="comment">//Map 1 byte</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*)</span><span class="number">0x3F000001</span>     <span class="comment">//Not aligned mapping address</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           Since the operating system performs mapping operations over whole pages,
           specifying a mapping <span class="emphasis"><em>size</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>offset</em></span>
           that are not multiple of the page size will waste more resources than necessary.
           If the user specifies the following 1 byte mapping:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//Map one byte of the shared memory object.</span>
 <span class="comment">//A whole memory page will be used for this.</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region</span> <span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                    <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>             <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span>                      <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span>                      <span class="comment">//Map 1 byte</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           The operating system will reserve a whole page that will not be reused
           by any other mapping so we are going to waste <span class="bold"><strong>(page
           size - 1)</strong></span> bytes. If we want to use efficiently operating system
           resources, we should create regions whose size is a multiple of <span class="bold"><strong>page size</strong></span> bytes. If the user specifies the following
           two mapped regions for a file with which has <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">page_size</span></code>
           bytes:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//Map the first quarter of the file</span>
 <span class="comment">//This will use a whole page</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region1</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>         <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span>                  <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">page_size</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>        <span class="comment">//Map page_size/2 bytes</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>

 <span class="comment">//Map the rest of the file</span>
 <span class="comment">//This will use a 2 pages</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region2</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>         <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">page_size</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>        <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">page_size</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2</span>      <span class="comment">//Map the rest of the shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           In this example, a half of the page is wasted in the first mapping and
           another half is wasted in the second because the offset is not a multiple
           of the page size. The mapping with the minimum resource usage would be
           to map whole pages:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//Map the whole first half: uses 1 page</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region1</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>         <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span>                  <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">page_size</span>          <span class="comment">//Map a full page_size</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>

 <span class="comment">//Map the second half: uses 1 page</span>
 <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span> <span class="identifier">region2</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">shm</span>                <span class="comment">//Map shared memory</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">read_write</span>         <span class="comment">//Map it as read-write</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">page_size</span>          <span class="comment">//Map from offset 0</span>
                      <span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">page_size</span>          <span class="comment">//Map the rest</span>
                      <span class="special">);</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           How can we obtain the <span class="bold"><strong>page size</strong></span>? The
           <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">mapped_region</span></code> class has
           a static function that returns that value:
         </p>
 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">//Obtain the page size of the system</span>
 <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">page_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">mapped_region</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get_page_size</span><span class="special">();</span>
 </pre>
 <p>
           The operating system might also limit the number of mapped memory regions
           per process or per system.
         </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations" title="Limitations When Constructing Objects In Mapped Regions">Limitations
       When Constructing Objects In Mapped Regions</a>
 </h3></div></div></div>
 <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.offset_pointer">Offset
         pointers instead of raw pointers</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.references_forbidden">References
         forbidden</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.virtuality_limitation">Virtuality
         forbidden</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.statics_warning">Be
         careful with static class members</a></span></dt>
 </dl></div>
 <p>
         When two processes create a mapped region of the same mappable object, two
         processes can communicate writing and reading that memory. A process could
         construct a C++ object in that memory so that the second process can use
         it. However, a mapped region shared by multiple processes, can't hold any
         C++ object, because not every class is ready to be a process-shared object,
         specially, if the mapped region is mapped in different address in each process.
       </p>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.offset_pointer"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.offset_pointer" title="Offset pointers instead of raw pointers">Offset
         pointers instead of raw pointers</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           When placing objects in a mapped region and mapping that region in different
           address in every process, raw pointers are a problem since they are only
           valid for the process that placed them there. To solve this, <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span> offers a special smart pointer
           that can be used instead of a raw pointer. So user classes containing raw
           pointers (or Boost smart pointers, that internally own a raw pointer) can't
           be safely placed in a process shared mapped region. These pointers must
           be replaced with offset pointers, and these pointers must point only to
           objects placed in the same mapped region if you want to use these shared
           objects from different processes.
         </p>
 <p>
           Of course, a pointer placed in a mapped region shared between processes
           should only point to an object of that mapped region. Otherwise, the pointer
           would point to an address that it's only valid one process and other processes
           may crash when accessing to that address.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.references_forbidden"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.references_forbidden" title="References forbidden">References
         forbidden</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           References suffer from the same problem as pointers (mainly because they
           are implemented as pointers). However, it is not possible to create a fully
           workable smart reference currently in C++ (for example, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span>
           <span class="special">.()</span></code> can't be overloaded). Because
           of this, if the user wants to put an object in shared memory, the object
           can't have any (smart or not) reference as a member.
         </p>
 <p>
           References will only work if the mapped region is mapped in the same base
           address in all processes sharing a memory segment. Like pointers, a reference
           placed in a mapped region should only point to an object of that mapped
           region.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.virtuality_limitation"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.virtuality_limitation" title="Virtuality forbidden">Virtuality
         forbidden</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           The virtual table pointer and the virtual table are in the address space
           of the process that constructs the object, so if we place a class with
           a virtual function or virtual base class, the virtual pointer placed in
           shared memory will be invalid for other processes and they will crash.
         </p>
 <p>
           This problem is very difficult to solve, since each process needs a different
           virtual table pointer and the object that contains that pointer is shared
           across many processes. Even if we map the mapped region in the same address
           in every process, the virtual table can be in a different address in every
           process. To enable virtual functions for objects shared between processes,
           deep compiler changes are needed and virtual functions would suffer a performance
           hit. That's why <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Interprocess</strong></span> does
           not have any plan to support virtual function and virtual inheritance in
           mapped regions shared between processes.
         </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section">
 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
 <a name="interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.statics_warning"></a><a class="link" href="sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.html#interprocess.sharedmemorybetweenprocesses.mapped_region_object_limitations.statics_warning" title="Be careful with static class members">Be
         careful with static class members</a>
 </h4></div></div></div>
 <p>
           Static members of classes are global objects shared by all instances of
           the class. Because of this, static members are implemented as global variables
           in processes.
         </p>
 <p>
           When constructing a class with static members, each process has its own
           copy of the static member, so updating a static member in one process does
           not change the value of the static member the another process. So be careful
           with these classes. Static members are not dangerous if they are just constant
           variables initialized when the process starts, but they don't change at
           all (for example, when used like enums) and their value is the same for
           all processes.
         </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
 <td align="left"></td>
 <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2005-2012 Ion Gaztanaga<p>
         Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
         file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
       </p>
 </div></td>
 </tr></table>
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