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| <h3 class="section">4.12 Setting a <em>Bookmark</em> to Return to Later</h3> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-checkpoint-188"></a><a name="index-restart-189"></a><a name="index-bookmark-190"></a><a name="index-snapshot-of-a-process-191"></a><a name="index-rewind-program-state-192"></a> |
| On certain operating systems<a rel="footnote" href="#fn-1" name="fnd-1"><sup>1</sup></a>, <span class="sc">gdb</span> is able to save a <dfn>snapshot</dfn> of a |
| program's state, called a <dfn>checkpoint</dfn>, and come back to it |
| later. |
| |
| <p>Returning to a checkpoint effectively undoes everything that has |
| happened in the program since the <code>checkpoint</code> was saved. This |
| includes changes in memory, registers, and even (within some limits) |
| system state. Effectively, it is like going back in time to the |
| moment when the checkpoint was saved. |
| |
| <p>Thus, if you're stepping thru a program and you think you're |
| getting close to the point where things go wrong, you can save |
| a checkpoint. Then, if you accidentally go too far and miss |
| the critical statement, instead of having to restart your program |
| from the beginning, you can just go back to the checkpoint and |
| start again from there. |
| |
| <p>This can be especially useful if it takes a lot of time or |
| steps to reach the point where you think the bug occurs. |
| |
| <p>To use the <code>checkpoint</code>/<code>restart</code> method of debugging: |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-checkpoint-193"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>checkpoint</code><dd>Save a snapshot of the debugged program's current execution state. |
| The <code>checkpoint</code> command takes no arguments, but each checkpoint |
| is assigned a small integer id, similar to a breakpoint id. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-info-checkpoints-194"></a><br><dt><code>info checkpoints</code><dd>List the checkpoints that have been saved in the current debugging |
| session. For each checkpoint, the following information will be |
| listed: |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt><code>Checkpoint ID</code><br><dt><code>Process ID</code><br><dt><code>Code Address</code><br><dt><code>Source line, or label</code><dd></dl> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-restart-_0040var_007bcheckpoint_002did_007d-195"></a><br><dt><code>restart </code><var>checkpoint-id</var><dd>Restore the program state that was saved as checkpoint number |
| <var>checkpoint-id</var>. All program variables, registers, stack frames |
| etc. will be returned to the values that they had when the checkpoint |
| was saved. In essence, gdb will “wind back the clock” to the point |
| in time when the checkpoint was saved. |
| |
| <p>Note that breakpoints, <span class="sc">gdb</span> variables, command history etc. |
| are not affected by restoring a checkpoint. In general, a checkpoint |
| only restores things that reside in the program being debugged, not in |
| the debugger. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-delete-checkpoint-_0040var_007bcheckpoint_002did_007d-196"></a><br><dt><code>delete checkpoint </code><var>checkpoint-id</var><dd>Delete the previously-saved checkpoint identified by <var>checkpoint-id</var>. |
| |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>Returning to a previously saved checkpoint will restore the user state |
| of the program being debugged, plus a significant subset of the system |
| (OS) state, including file pointers. It won't “un-write” data from |
| a file, but it will rewind the file pointer to the previous location, |
| so that the previously written data can be overwritten. For files |
| opened in read mode, the pointer will also be restored so that the |
| previously read data can be read again. |
| |
| <p>Of course, characters that have been sent to a printer (or other |
| external device) cannot be “snatched back”, and characters received |
| from eg. a serial device can be removed from internal program buffers, |
| but they cannot be “pushed back” into the serial pipeline, ready to |
| be received again. Similarly, the actual contents of files that have |
| been changed cannot be restored (at this time). |
| |
| <p>However, within those constraints, you actually can “rewind” your |
| program to a previously saved point in time, and begin debugging it |
| again — and you can change the course of events so as to debug a |
| different execution path this time. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-checkpoints-and-process-id-197"></a>Finally, there is one bit of internal program state that will be |
| different when you return to a checkpoint — the program's process |
| id. Each checkpoint will have a unique process id (or <var>pid</var>), |
| and each will be different from the program's original <var>pid</var>. |
| If your program has saved a local copy of its process id, this could |
| potentially pose a problem. |
| |
| <h4 class="subsection">4.12.1 A Non-obvious Benefit of Using Checkpoints</h4> |
| |
| <p>On some systems such as <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, address space randomization |
| is performed on new processes for security reasons. This makes it |
| difficult or impossible to set a breakpoint, or watchpoint, on an |
| absolute address if you have to restart the program, since the |
| absolute location of a symbol will change from one execution to the |
| next. |
| |
| <p>A checkpoint, however, is an <em>identical</em> copy of a process. |
| Therefore if you create a checkpoint at (eg.) the start of main, |
| and simply return to that checkpoint instead of restarting the |
| process, you can avoid the effects of address randomization and |
| your symbols will all stay in the same place. |
| |
| <div class="footnote"> |
| <hr> |
| <h4>Footnotes</h4><p class="footnote"><small>[<a name="fn-1" href="#fnd-1">1</a>]</small> Currently, only |
| <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux.</p> |
| |
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