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| <h2 class="chapter">12 Input/Output on Streams</h2> |
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| <p>This chapter describes the functions for creating streams and performing |
| input and output operations on them. As discussed in <a href="I_002fO-Overview.html#I_002fO-Overview">I/O Overview</a>, a stream is a fairly abstract, high-level concept |
| representing a communications channel to a file, device, or process. |
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| <ul class="menu"> |
| <li><a accesskey="1" href="Streams.html#Streams">Streams</a>: About the data type representing a stream. |
| <li><a accesskey="2" href="Standard-Streams.html#Standard-Streams">Standard Streams</a>: Streams to the standard input and output |
| devices are created for you. |
| <li><a accesskey="3" href="Opening-Streams.html#Opening-Streams">Opening Streams</a>: How to create a stream to talk to a file. |
| <li><a accesskey="4" href="Closing-Streams.html#Closing-Streams">Closing Streams</a>: Close a stream when you are finished with it. |
| <li><a accesskey="5" href="Streams-and-Threads.html#Streams-and-Threads">Streams and Threads</a>: Issues with streams in threaded programs. |
| <li><a accesskey="6" href="Streams-and-I18N.html#Streams-and-I18N">Streams and I18N</a>: Streams in internationalized applications. |
| <li><a accesskey="7" href="Simple-Output.html#Simple-Output">Simple Output</a>: Unformatted output by characters and lines. |
| <li><a accesskey="8" href="Character-Input.html#Character-Input">Character Input</a>: Unformatted input by characters and words. |
| <li><a accesskey="9" href="Line-Input.html#Line-Input">Line Input</a>: Reading a line or a record from a stream. |
| <li><a href="Unreading.html#Unreading">Unreading</a>: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. |
| <li><a href="Block-Input_002fOutput.html#Block-Input_002fOutput">Block Input/Output</a>: Input and output operations on blocks of data. |
| <li><a href="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output">Formatted Output</a>: <code>printf</code> and related functions. |
| <li><a href="Customizing-Printf.html#Customizing-Printf">Customizing Printf</a>: You can define new conversion specifiers for |
| <code>printf</code> and friends. |
| <li><a href="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input">Formatted Input</a>: <code>scanf</code> and related functions. |
| <li><a href="EOF-and-Errors.html#EOF-and-Errors">EOF and Errors</a>: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. |
| <li><a href="Error-Recovery.html#Error-Recovery">Error Recovery</a>: What you can do about errors. |
| <li><a href="Binary-Streams.html#Binary-Streams">Binary Streams</a>: Some systems distinguish between text files |
| and binary files. |
| <li><a href="File-Positioning.html#File-Positioning">File Positioning</a>: About random-access streams. |
| <li><a href="Portable-Positioning.html#Portable-Positioning">Portable Positioning</a>: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. |
| <li><a href="Stream-Buffering.html#Stream-Buffering">Stream Buffering</a>: How to control buffering of streams. |
| <li><a href="Other-Kinds-of-Streams.html#Other-Kinds-of-Streams">Other Kinds of Streams</a>: Streams that do not necessarily correspond |
| to an open file. |
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