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| <a name="ARM-Directives"></a> |
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| |
| <h4 class="subsection">9.3.4 ARM Machine Directives</h4> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-machine-directives_002c-ARM-607"></a><a name="index-ARM-machine-directives-608"></a> |
| <dl> |
| <!-- AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA --> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002e2byte_007d-directive_002c-ARM-609"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002e4byte_007d-directive_002c-ARM-610"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002e8byte_007d-directive_002c-ARM-611"></a><dt><code>.2byte </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dt><code>.4byte </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dt><code>.8byte </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dd>These directives write 2, 4 or 8 byte values to the output section. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ealign_007d-directive_002c-ARM-612"></a><br><dt><code>.align </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]</code><dd>This is the generic <var>.align</var> directive. For the ARM however if the |
| first argument is zero (ie no alignment is needed) the assembler will |
| behave as if the argument had been 2 (ie pad to the next four byte |
| boundary). This is for compatibility with ARM's own assembler. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002earch_007d-directive_002c-ARM-613"></a><br><dt><code>.arch </code><var>name</var><dd>Select the target architecture. Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as |
| for the <samp><span class="option">-march</span></samp> commandline option. |
| |
| <p>Specifying <code>.arch</code> clears any previously selected architecture |
| extensions. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002earch_005fextension_007d-directive_002c-ARM-614"></a><br><dt><code>.arch_extension </code><var>name</var><dd>Add or remove an architecture extension to the target architecture. Valid |
| values for <var>name</var> are the same as those accepted as architectural |
| extensions by the <samp><span class="option">-mcpu</span></samp> commandline option. |
| |
| <p><code>.arch_extension</code> may be used multiple times to add or remove extensions |
| incrementally to the architecture being compiled for. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002earm_007d-directive_002c-ARM-615"></a><br><dt><code>.arm</code><dd>This performs the same action as <var>.code 32</var>. |
| |
| <p><a name="arm_005fpad"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002epad_007d-directive_002c-ARM-616"></a><br><dt><code>.pad #</code><var>count</var><dd>Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of <var>count</var> bytes. |
| A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by |
| decrementing the stack pointer. |
| |
| <!-- BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ebss_007d-directive_002c-ARM-617"></a><br><dt><code>.bss</code><dd>This directive switches to the <code>.bss</code> section. |
| |
| <!-- CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ecantunwind_007d-directive_002c-ARM-618"></a><br><dt><code>.cantunwind</code><dd>Prevents unwinding through the current function. No personality routine |
| or exception table data is required or permitted. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ecode_007d-directive_002c-ARM-619"></a><br><dt><code>.code [16|32]</code><dd>This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16 |
| selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ecpu_007d-directive_002c-ARM-620"></a><br><dt><code>.cpu </code><var>name</var><dd>Select the target processor. Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as |
| for the <samp><span class="option">-mcpu</span></samp> commandline option. |
| |
| <p>Specifying <code>.cpu</code> clears any previously selected architecture |
| extensions. |
| |
| <!-- DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002edn_007d-and-_0040code_007b_002eqn_007d-directives_002c-ARM-621"></a><br><dt><var>name</var><code> .dn </code><var>register name</var><code> [</code><var>.type</var><code>] [[</code><var>index</var><code>]]</code><dt><var>name</var><code> .qn </code><var>register name</var><code> [</code><var>.type</var><code>] [[</code><var>index</var><code>]]</code><dd> |
| The <code>dn</code> and <code>qn</code> directives are used to create typed |
| and/or indexed register aliases for use in Advanced SIMD Extension |
| (Neon) instructions. The former should be used to create aliases |
| of double-precision registers, and the latter to create aliases of |
| quad-precision registers. |
| |
| <p>If these directives are used to create typed aliases, those aliases can |
| be used in Neon instructions instead of writing types after the mnemonic |
| or after each operand. For example: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> x .dn d2.f32 |
| y .dn d3.f32 |
| z .dn d4.f32[1] |
| vmul x,y,z |
| </pre> |
| <p>This is equivalent to writing the following: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> vmul.f32 d2,d3,d4[1] |
| </pre> |
| <p>Aliases created using <code>dn</code> or <code>qn</code> can be destroyed using |
| <code>unreq</code>. |
| |
| <!-- EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eeabi_005fattribute_007d-directive_002c-ARM-622"></a><br><dt><code>.eabi_attribute </code><var>tag</var><code>, </code><var>value</var><dd>Set the EABI object attribute <var>tag</var> to <var>value</var>. |
| |
| <p>The <var>tag</var> is either an attribute number, or one of the following: |
| <code>Tag_CPU_raw_name</code>, <code>Tag_CPU_name</code>, <code>Tag_CPU_arch</code>, |
| <code>Tag_CPU_arch_profile</code>, <code>Tag_ARM_ISA_use</code>, |
| <code>Tag_THUMB_ISA_use</code>, <code>Tag_FP_arch</code>, <code>Tag_WMMX_arch</code>, |
| <code>Tag_Advanced_SIMD_arch</code>, <code>Tag_PCS_config</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_R9_use</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_RW_data</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_RO_data</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_GOT_use</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_rounding</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_FP_denormal</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_FP_user_exceptions</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_number_model</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_align_needed</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_align_preserved</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_enum_size</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_HardFP_use</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_VFP_args</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_WMMX_args</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_optimization_goals</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_optimization_goals</code>, |
| <code>Tag_compatibility</code>, <code>Tag_CPU_unaligned_access</code>, |
| <code>Tag_FP_HP_extension</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_FP_16bit_format</code>, |
| <code>Tag_MPextension_use</code>, <code>Tag_DIV_use</code>, |
| <code>Tag_nodefaults</code>, <code>Tag_also_compatible_with</code>, |
| <code>Tag_conformance</code>, <code>Tag_T2EE_use</code>, |
| <code>Tag_Virtualization_use</code> |
| |
| <p>The <var>value</var> is either a <code>number</code>, <code>"string"</code>, or |
| <code>number, "string"</code> depending on the tag. |
| |
| <p>Note - the following legacy values are also accepted by <var>tag</var>: |
| <code>Tag_VFP_arch</code>, <code>Tag_ABI_align8_needed</code>, |
| <code>Tag_ABI_align8_preserved</code>, <code>Tag_VFP_HP_extension</code>, |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eeven_007d-directive_002c-ARM-623"></a><br><dt><code>.even</code><dd>This directive aligns to an even-numbered address. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eextend_007d-directive_002c-ARM-624"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eldouble_007d-directive_002c-ARM-625"></a><br><dt><code>.extend </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dt><code>.ldouble </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dd>These directives write 12byte long double floating-point values to the |
| output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors |
| or ABIs. |
| |
| <!-- FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF --> |
| <p><a name="arm_005ffnend"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002efnend_007d-directive_002c-ARM-626"></a><br><dt><code>.fnend</code><dd>Marks the end of a function with an unwind table entry. The unwind index |
| table entry is created when this directive is processed. |
| |
| <p>If no personality routine has been specified then standard personality |
| routine 0 or 1 will be used, depending on the number of unwind opcodes |
| required. |
| |
| <p><a name="arm_005ffnstart"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002efnstart_007d-directive_002c-ARM-627"></a><br><dt><code>.fnstart</code><dd>Marks the start of a function with an unwind table entry. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eforce_005fthumb_007d-directive_002c-ARM-628"></a><br><dt><code>.force_thumb</code><dd>This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the |
| target processor does not support those instructions |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002efpu_007d-directive_002c-ARM-629"></a><br><dt><code>.fpu </code><var>name</var><dd>Select the floating-point unit to assemble for. Valid values for <var>name</var> |
| are the same as for the <samp><span class="option">-mfpu</span></samp> commandline option. |
| |
| <!-- GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG --> |
| <!-- HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ehandlerdata_007d-directive_002c-ARM-630"></a><br><dt><code>.handlerdata</code><dd>Marks the end of the current function, and the start of the exception table |
| entry for that function. Anything between this directive and the |
| <code>.fnend</code> directive will be added to the exception table entry. |
| |
| <p>Must be preceded by a <code>.personality</code> or <code>.personalityindex</code> |
| directive. |
| |
| <!-- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002einst_007d-directive_002c-ARM-631"></a><br><dt><code>.inst </code><var>opcode</var><code> [ , ... ]</code><dt><code>.inst.n </code><var>opcode</var><code> [ , ... ]</code><dt><code>.inst.w </code><var>opcode</var><code> [ , ... ]</code><dd>Generates the instruction corresponding to the numerical value <var>opcode</var>. |
| <code>.inst.n</code> and <code>.inst.w</code> allow the Thumb instruction size to be |
| specified explicitly, overriding the normal encoding rules. |
| |
| <!-- JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ --> |
| <!-- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK --> |
| <!-- LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL --> |
| <br><dt><code>.ldouble </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dd>See <code>.extend</code>. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eltorg_007d-directive_002c-ARM-632"></a><br><dt><code>.ltorg</code><dd>This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be |
| dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text |
| section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary). |
| <code>GAS</code> maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each |
| sub-section. The <code>.ltorg</code> directive will only affect the literal |
| pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly |
| all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped. |
| |
| <p>Note - older versions of <code>GAS</code> would dump the current literal |
| pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since |
| it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools. |
| |
| <!-- MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002emovsp_007d-directive_002c-ARM-633"></a><br><dt><code>.movsp </code><var>reg</var><code> [, #</code><var>offset</var><code>]</code><dd>Tell the unwinder that <var>reg</var> contains an offset from the current |
| stack pointer. If <var>offset</var> is not specified then it is assumed to be |
| zero. |
| |
| <!-- NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN --> |
| <!-- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eobject_005farch_007d-directive_002c-ARM-634"></a><br><dt><code>.object_arch </code><var>name</var><dd>Override the architecture recorded in the EABI object attribute section. |
| Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as for the <code>.arch</code> directive. |
| Typically this is useful when code uses runtime detection of CPU features. |
| |
| <!-- PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002epacked_007d-directive_002c-ARM-635"></a><br><dt><code>.packed </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dd>This directive writes 12-byte packed floating-point values to the |
| output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors |
| or ABIs. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002epad_007d-directive_002c-ARM-636"></a><br><dt><code>.pad #</code><var>count</var><dd>Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of <var>count</var> bytes. |
| A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by |
| decrementing the stack pointer. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002epersonality_007d-directive_002c-ARM-637"></a><br><dt><code>.personality </code><var>name</var><dd>Sets the personality routine for the current function to <var>name</var>. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002epersonalityindex_007d-directive_002c-ARM-638"></a><br><dt><code>.personalityindex </code><var>index</var><dd>Sets the personality routine for the current function to the EABI standard |
| routine number <var>index</var> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002epool_007d-directive_002c-ARM-639"></a><br><dt><code>.pool</code><dd>This is a synonym for .ltorg. |
| |
| <!-- QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ --> |
| <!-- RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ereq_007d-directive_002c-ARM-640"></a><br><dt><var>name</var><code> .req </code><var>register name</var><dd>This creates an alias for <var>register name</var> called <var>name</var>. For |
| example: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> foo .req r0 |
| </pre> |
| <!-- SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS --> |
| <p><a name="arm_005fsave"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002esave_007d-directive_002c-ARM-641"></a><br><dt><code>.save </code><var>reglist</var><dd>Generate unwinder annotations to restore the registers in <var>reglist</var>. |
| The format of <var>reglist</var> is the same as the corresponding store-multiple |
| instruction. |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> <br><em>core registers</em><br> |
| .save {r4, r5, r6, lr} |
| stmfd sp!, {r4, r5, r6, lr} |
| <br><em>FPA registers</em><br> |
| .save f4, 2 |
| sfmfd f4, 2, [sp]! |
| <br><em>VFP registers</em><br> |
| .save {d8, d9, d10} |
| fstmdx sp!, {d8, d9, d10} |
| <br><em>iWMMXt registers</em><br> |
| .save {wr10, wr11} |
| wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]! |
| wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]! |
| or |
| .save wr11 |
| wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]! |
| .save wr10 |
| wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]! |
| </pre> |
| <p><a name="arm_005fsetfp"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002esetfp_007d-directive_002c-ARM-642"></a><br><dt><code>.setfp </code><var>fpreg</var><code>, </code><var>spreg</var><code> [, #</code><var>offset</var><code>]</code><dd>Make all unwinder annotations relative to a frame pointer. Without this |
| the unwinder will use offsets from the stack pointer. |
| |
| <p>The syntax of this directive is the same as the <code>add</code> or <code>mov</code> |
| instruction used to set the frame pointer. <var>spreg</var> must be either |
| <code>sp</code> or mentioned in a previous <code>.movsp</code> directive. |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> .movsp ip |
| mov ip, sp |
| ... |
| .setfp fp, ip, #4 |
| add fp, ip, #4 |
| </pre> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002esecrel32_007d-directive_002c-ARM-643"></a><br><dt><code>.secrel32 </code><var>expression</var><code> [, </code><var>expression</var><code>]*</code><dd>This directive emits relocations that evaluate to the section-relative |
| offset of each expression's symbol. This directive is only supported |
| for PE targets. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002esyntax_007d-directive_002c-ARM-644"></a><br><dt><code>.syntax [unified | divided]</code><dd>This directive sets the Instruction Set Syntax as described in the |
| <a href="ARM_002dInstruction_002dSet.html#ARM_002dInstruction_002dSet">ARM-Instruction-Set</a> section. |
| |
| <!-- TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ethumb_007d-directive_002c-ARM-645"></a><br><dt><code>.thumb</code><dd>This performs the same action as <var>.code 16</var>. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ethumb_005ffunc_007d-directive_002c-ARM-646"></a><br><dt><code>.thumb_func</code><dd>This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a |
| Thumb encoded function. This information is necessary in order to allow |
| the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking |
| between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if |
| interworking is not going to be performed. The presence of this |
| directive also implies <code>.thumb</code> |
| |
| <p>This directive is not neccessary when generating EABI objects. On these |
| targets the encoding is implicit when generating Thumb code. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ethumb_005fset_007d-directive_002c-ARM-647"></a><br><dt><code>.thumb_set</code><dd>This performs the equivalent of a <code>.set</code> directive in that it |
| creates a symbol which is an alias for another symbol (possibly not yet |
| defined). This directive also has the added property in that it marks |
| the aliased symbol as being a thumb function entry point, in the same |
| way that the <code>.thumb_func</code> directive does. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002etlsdescseq_007d-directive_002c-ARM-648"></a><br><dt><code>.tlsdescseq </code><var>tls-variable</var><dd>This directive is used to annotate parts of an inlined TLS descriptor |
| trampoline. Normally the trampoline is provided by the linker, and |
| this directive is not needed. |
| |
| <!-- UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eunreq_007d-directive_002c-ARM-649"></a><br><dt><code>.unreq </code><var>alias-name</var><dd>This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the |
| <code>req</code>, <code>dn</code> or <code>qn</code> directives. For example: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> foo .req r0 |
| .unreq foo |
| </pre> |
| <p>An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can |
| be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'r0'). This |
| should only be done if it is really necessary. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002eunwind_005fraw_007d-directive_002c-ARM-650"></a><br><dt><code>.unwind_raw </code><var>offset</var><code>, </code><var>byte1</var><code>, ...</code><dd>Insert one of more arbitary unwind opcode bytes, which are known to adjust |
| the stack pointer by <var>offset</var> bytes. |
| |
| <p>For example <code>.unwind_raw 4, 0xb1, 0x01</code> is equivalent to |
| <code>.save {r0}</code> |
| |
| <!-- VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV --> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002evsave_007d-directive_002c-ARM-651"></a><br><dt><code>.vsave </code><var>vfp-reglist</var><dd>Generate unwinder annotations to restore the VFP registers in <var>vfp-reglist</var> |
| using FLDMD. Also works for VFPv3 registers |
| that are to be restored using VLDM. |
| The format of <var>vfp-reglist</var> is the same as the corresponding store-multiple |
| instruction. |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> <br><em>VFP registers</em><br> |
| .vsave {d8, d9, d10} |
| fstmdd sp!, {d8, d9, d10} |
| <br><em>VFPv3 registers</em><br> |
| .vsave {d15, d16, d17} |
| vstm sp!, {d15, d16, d17} |
| </pre> |
| <p>Since FLDMX and FSTMX are now deprecated, this directive should be |
| used in favour of <code>.save</code> for saving VFP registers for ARMv6 and above. |
| |
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| </dl> |
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