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| <h2 class="chapter">6 Extensions to the C Language Family</h2> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-extensions_002c-C-language-2177"></a><a name="index-C-language-extensions-2178"></a> |
| <a name="index-pedantic-2179"></a>GNU C provides several language features not found in ISO standard C. |
| (The <samp><span class="option">-pedantic</span></samp> option directs GCC to print a warning message if |
| any of these features is used.) To test for the availability of these |
| features in conditional compilation, check for a predefined macro |
| <code>__GNUC__</code>, which is always defined under GCC. |
| |
| <p>These extensions are available in C and Objective-C. Most of them are |
| also available in C++. See <a href="C_002b_002b-Extensions.html#C_002b_002b-Extensions">Extensions to the C++ Language</a>, for extensions that apply <em>only</em> to C++. |
| |
| <p>Some features that are in ISO C99 but not C90 or C++ are also, as |
| extensions, accepted by GCC in C90 mode and in C++. |
| |
| <ul class="menu"> |
| <li><a accesskey="1" href="Statement-Exprs.html#Statement-Exprs">Statement Exprs</a>: Putting statements and declarations inside expressions. |
| <li><a accesskey="2" href="Local-Labels.html#Local-Labels">Local Labels</a>: Labels local to a block. |
| <li><a accesskey="3" href="Labels-as-Values.html#Labels-as-Values">Labels as Values</a>: Getting pointers to labels, and computed gotos. |
| <li><a accesskey="4" href="Nested-Functions.html#Nested-Functions">Nested Functions</a>: As in Algol and Pascal, lexical scoping of functions. |
| <li><a accesskey="5" href="Constructing-Calls.html#Constructing-Calls">Constructing Calls</a>: Dispatching a call to another function. |
| <li><a accesskey="6" href="Typeof.html#Typeof">Typeof</a>: <code>typeof</code>: referring to the type of an expression. |
| <li><a accesskey="7" href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals">Conditionals</a>: Omitting the middle operand of a ‘<samp><span class="samp">?:</span></samp>’ expression. |
| <li><a accesskey="8" href="Long-Long.html#Long-Long">Long Long</a>: Double-word integers---<code>long long int</code>. |
| <li><a accesskey="9" href="Complex.html#Complex">Complex</a>: Data types for complex numbers. |
| <li><a href="Floating-Types.html#Floating-Types">Floating Types</a>: Additional Floating Types. |
| <li><a href="Half_002dPrecision.html#Half_002dPrecision">Half-Precision</a>: Half-Precision Floating Point. |
| <li><a href="Decimal-Float.html#Decimal-Float">Decimal Float</a>: Decimal Floating Types. |
| <li><a href="Hex-Floats.html#Hex-Floats">Hex Floats</a>: Hexadecimal floating-point constants. |
| <li><a href="Fixed_002dPoint.html#Fixed_002dPoint">Fixed-Point</a>: Fixed-Point Types. |
| <li><a href="Named-Address-Spaces.html#Named-Address-Spaces">Named Address Spaces</a>: Named address spaces. |
| <li><a href="Zero-Length.html#Zero-Length">Zero Length</a>: Zero-length arrays. |
| <li><a href="Variable-Length.html#Variable-Length">Variable Length</a>: Arrays whose length is computed at run time. |
| <li><a href="Empty-Structures.html#Empty-Structures">Empty Structures</a>: Structures with no members. |
| <li><a href="Variadic-Macros.html#Variadic-Macros">Variadic Macros</a>: Macros with a variable number of arguments. |
| <li><a href="Escaped-Newlines.html#Escaped-Newlines">Escaped Newlines</a>: Slightly looser rules for escaped newlines. |
| <li><a href="Subscripting.html#Subscripting">Subscripting</a>: Any array can be subscripted, even if not an lvalue. |
| <li><a href="Pointer-Arith.html#Pointer-Arith">Pointer Arith</a>: Arithmetic on <code>void</code>-pointers and function pointers. |
| <li><a href="Initializers.html#Initializers">Initializers</a>: Non-constant initializers. |
| <li><a href="Compound-Literals.html#Compound-Literals">Compound Literals</a>: Compound literals give structures, unions |
| or arrays as values. |
| <li><a href="Designated-Inits.html#Designated-Inits">Designated Inits</a>: Labeling elements of initializers. |
| <li><a href="Cast-to-Union.html#Cast-to-Union">Cast to Union</a>: Casting to union type from any member of the union. |
| <li><a href="Case-Ranges.html#Case-Ranges">Case Ranges</a>: `case 1 ... 9' and such. |
| <li><a href="Mixed-Declarations.html#Mixed-Declarations">Mixed Declarations</a>: Mixing declarations and code. |
| <li><a href="Function-Attributes.html#Function-Attributes">Function Attributes</a>: Declaring that functions have no side effects, |
| or that they can never return. |
| <li><a href="Attribute-Syntax.html#Attribute-Syntax">Attribute Syntax</a>: Formal syntax for attributes. |
| <li><a href="Function-Prototypes.html#Function-Prototypes">Function Prototypes</a>: Prototype declarations and old-style definitions. |
| <li><a href="C_002b_002b-Comments.html#C_002b_002b-Comments">C++ Comments</a>: C++ comments are recognized. |
| <li><a href="Dollar-Signs.html#Dollar-Signs">Dollar Signs</a>: Dollar sign is allowed in identifiers. |
| <li><a href="Character-Escapes.html#Character-Escapes">Character Escapes</a>: ‘<samp><span class="samp">\e</span></samp>’ stands for the character <ESC>. |
| <li><a href="Variable-Attributes.html#Variable-Attributes">Variable Attributes</a>: Specifying attributes of variables. |
| <li><a href="Type-Attributes.html#Type-Attributes">Type Attributes</a>: Specifying attributes of types. |
| <li><a href="Alignment.html#Alignment">Alignment</a>: Inquiring about the alignment of a type or variable. |
| <li><a href="Inline.html#Inline">Inline</a>: Defining inline functions (as fast as macros). |
| <li><a href="Extended-Asm.html#Extended-Asm">Extended Asm</a>: Assembler instructions with C expressions as operands. |
| (With them you can define ``built-in'' functions.) |
| <li><a href="Constraints.html#Constraints">Constraints</a>: Constraints for asm operands |
| <li><a href="Asm-Labels.html#Asm-Labels">Asm Labels</a>: Specifying the assembler name to use for a C symbol. |
| <li><a href="Explicit-Reg-Vars.html#Explicit-Reg-Vars">Explicit Reg Vars</a>: Defining variables residing in specified registers. |
| <li><a href="Alternate-Keywords.html#Alternate-Keywords">Alternate Keywords</a>: <code>__const__</code>, <code>__asm__</code>, etc., for header files. |
| <li><a href="Incomplete-Enums.html#Incomplete-Enums">Incomplete Enums</a>: <code>enum foo;</code>, with details to follow. |
| <li><a href="Function-Names.html#Function-Names">Function Names</a>: Printable strings which are the name of the current |
| function. |
| <li><a href="Return-Address.html#Return-Address">Return Address</a>: Getting the return or frame address of a function. |
| <li><a href="Vector-Extensions.html#Vector-Extensions">Vector Extensions</a>: Using vector instructions through built-in functions. |
| <li><a href="Offsetof.html#Offsetof">Offsetof</a>: Special syntax for implementing <code>offsetof</code>. |
| <li><a href="Atomic-Builtins.html#Atomic-Builtins">Atomic Builtins</a>: Built-in functions for atomic memory access. |
| <li><a href="Object-Size-Checking.html#Object-Size-Checking">Object Size Checking</a>: Built-in functions for limited buffer overflow |
| checking. |
| <li><a href="Other-Builtins.html#Other-Builtins">Other Builtins</a>: Other built-in functions. |
| <li><a href="Target-Builtins.html#Target-Builtins">Target Builtins</a>: Built-in functions specific to particular targets. |
| <li><a href="Target-Format-Checks.html#Target-Format-Checks">Target Format Checks</a>: Format checks specific to particular targets. |
| <li><a href="Pragmas.html#Pragmas">Pragmas</a>: Pragmas accepted by GCC. |
| <li><a href="Unnamed-Fields.html#Unnamed-Fields">Unnamed Fields</a>: Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions. |
| <li><a href="Thread_002dLocal.html#Thread_002dLocal">Thread-Local</a>: Per-thread variables. |
| <li><a href="Binary-constants.html#Binary-constants">Binary constants</a>: Binary constants using the ‘<samp><span class="samp">0b</span></samp>’ prefix. |
| </ul> |
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