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| <h3 class="section">9.4 Debugging <code>gprof</code></h3> |
| |
| <p>If <code>gprof</code> was compiled with debugging enabled, |
| the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-d</span></samp>’ option triggers debugging output |
| (to stdout) which can be helpful in understanding its operation. |
| The debugging number specified is interpreted as a sum of the following |
| options: |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt>2 - Topological sort<dd>Monitor depth-first numbering of symbols during call graph analysis |
| <br><dt>4 - Cycles<dd>Shows symbols as they are identified as cycle heads |
| <br><dt>16 - Tallying<dd>As the call graph arcs are read, show each arc and how |
| the total calls to each function are tallied |
| <br><dt>32 - Call graph arc sorting<dd>Details sorting individual parents/children within each call graph entry |
| <br><dt>64 - Reading histogram and call graph records<dd>Shows address ranges of histograms as they are read, and each |
| call graph arc |
| <br><dt>128 - Symbol table<dd>Reading, classifying, and sorting the symbol table from the object file. |
| For line-by-line profiling (‘<samp><span class="samp">-l</span></samp>’ option), also shows line numbers |
| being assigned to memory addresses. |
| <br><dt>256 - Static call graph<dd>Trace operation of ‘<samp><span class="samp">-c</span></samp>’ option |
| <br><dt>512 - Symbol table and arc table lookups<dd>Detail operation of lookup routines |
| <br><dt>1024 - Call graph propagation<dd>Shows how function times are propagated along the call graph |
| <br><dt>2048 - Basic-blocks<dd>Shows basic-block records as they are read from profile data |
| (only meaningful with ‘<samp><span class="samp">-l</span></samp>’ option) |
| <br><dt>4096 - Symspecs<dd>Shows symspec-to-symbol pattern matching operation |
| <br><dt>8192 - Annotate source<dd>Tracks operation of ‘<samp><span class="samp">-A</span></samp>’ option |
| </dl> |
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