| # <pre> |
| # @(#)australasia 8.11 |
| # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of |
| # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. |
| |
| # This file also includes Pacific islands. |
| |
| # Notes are at the end of this file |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| # Australia |
| |
| # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. |
| |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 - |
| Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 - |
| Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 - |
| Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 - |
| Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 - |
| Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - |
| Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 - |
| # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which |
| # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that |
| # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. |
| |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| # Northern Territory |
| Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 9:00 - CST 1899 May |
| 9:30 Aus CST |
| # Western Australia |
| # |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec |
| 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul |
| 8:00 AW WST |
| Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec |
| 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul |
| 8:45 AW CWST |
| |
| # Queensland |
| # |
| # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): |
| # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast |
| # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after |
| # Queensland ceased to. |
| # |
| # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): |
| # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, |
| # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. |
| # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, |
| # so use Lindeman. |
| # |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 |
| 10:00 Aus EST 1971 |
| 10:00 AQ EST |
| Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 |
| 10:00 Aus EST 1971 |
| 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul |
| 10:00 Holiday EST |
| |
| # South Australia |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 9:00 - CST 1899 May |
| 9:30 Aus CST 1971 |
| 9:30 AS CST |
| |
| # Tasmania |
| # |
| # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): |
| # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml> |
| # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. |
| # |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep |
| 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 |
| 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb |
| 10:00 Aus EST 1967 |
| 10:00 AT EST |
| Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep |
| 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 |
| 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb |
| 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul |
| 10:00 AT EST |
| |
| # Victoria |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 10:00 Aus EST 1971 |
| 10:00 AV EST |
| |
| # New South Wales |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - |
| Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 10:00 Aus EST 1971 |
| 10:00 AN EST |
| Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23 |
| 9:00 - CST 1899 May |
| 9:30 Aus CST 1971 |
| 9:30 AN CST 2000 |
| 9:30 AS CST |
| |
| # Lord Howe Island |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - |
| Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - |
| Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - |
| Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - |
| Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - |
| Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - |
| Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - |
| Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - |
| Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar |
| 10:30 LH LHST |
| |
| # Australian miscellany |
| # |
| # Ashmore Is, Cartier |
| # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers |
| # no times are set |
| # |
| # Coral Sea Is |
| # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists |
| # no times are set |
| # |
| # Macquarie |
| # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948; |
| # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917 |
| # like Australia/Hobart |
| |
| # Christmas |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb |
| 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time |
| |
| # Cook Is |
| # From Shanks & Pottenger: |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS |
| Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - |
| Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua |
| -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time |
| -10:00 Cook CK%sT |
| |
| # Cocos |
| # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. |
| # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 |
| 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time |
| |
| # Fiji |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S |
| Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva |
| 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time |
| |
| # French Polynesia |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea |
| -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time |
| Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct |
| -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time |
| Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete |
| -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time |
| # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; |
| # it is uninhabited. |
| |
| # Guam |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 |
| 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana |
| 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam |
| 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time |
| |
| # Kiribati |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki |
| 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time |
| Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 |
| -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time |
| -11:00 - PHOT 1995 |
| 13:00 - PHOT |
| Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 |
| -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time |
| -10:00 - LINT 1995 |
| 14:00 - LINT |
| |
| # N Mariana Is |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 |
| 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 |
| 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time |
| 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23 |
| 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time |
| |
| # Marshall Is |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 |
| 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time |
| 12:00 - MHT |
| Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 |
| 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct |
| -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time |
| 12:00 - MHT |
| |
| # Micronesia |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 |
| 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time |
| Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia |
| 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time |
| Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 |
| 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time |
| 12:00 - KOST 1999 |
| 11:00 - KOST |
| |
| # Nauru |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe |
| 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time |
| 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15 |
| 11:30 - NRT 1979 May |
| 12:00 - NRT |
| |
| # New Caledonia |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S |
| Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - |
| Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S |
| # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. |
| Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 |
| 11:00 NC NC%sT |
| |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| # New Zealand |
| |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S |
| Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M |
| Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S |
| Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M |
| Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M |
| Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S |
| Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S |
| # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no |
| # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines. |
| Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D |
| Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D |
| Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S |
| Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S |
| Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D |
| Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D |
| Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S |
| Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S |
| Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D |
| Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D |
| Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D |
| Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D |
| Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S |
| Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S |
| Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D |
| Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D |
| Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S |
| Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 |
| 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 |
| 12:00 NZ NZ%sT |
| Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1 |
| 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT |
| |
| |
| # Auckland Is |
| # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, |
| # and scientific personnel have wintered |
| |
| # Campbell I |
| # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 |
| # scientific station operated 1941/1995; |
| # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered |
| # was probably like Pacific/Auckland |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| |
| # Niue |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi |
| -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time |
| -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1 |
| -11:00 - NUT |
| |
| # Norfolk |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston |
| 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time |
| 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time |
| |
| # Palau (Belau) |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror |
| 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time |
| |
| # Papua New Guinea |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 |
| 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time |
| 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time |
| |
| # Pitcairn |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown |
| -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00 |
| -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time |
| |
| # American Samoa |
| Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 |
| -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 |
| -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time |
| -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome |
| -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering |
| -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa |
| |
| # Samoa |
| Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 |
| -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 |
| -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time |
| -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time |
| |
| # Solomon Is |
| # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara |
| 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time |
| |
| # Tokelau Is |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 |
| -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time |
| |
| # Tonga |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S |
| Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - |
| Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S |
| Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 |
| 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time |
| 13:00 - TOT 1999 |
| 13:00 Tonga TO%sT |
| |
| # Tuvalu |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 |
| 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time |
| |
| |
| # US minor outlying islands |
| |
| # Howland, Baker |
| # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British |
| # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. |
| # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; |
| # uninhabited thereafter. |
| # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937; |
| # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, |
| # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). |
| # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 |
| # until they were abandoned after the war. |
| |
| # Jarvis |
| # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. |
| # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; |
| # uninhabited thereafter. |
| # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati |
| |
| # Johnston |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST |
| |
| # Kingman |
| # uninhabited |
| |
| # Midway |
| # |
| # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23): |
| # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies, |
| # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3] |
| # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly |
| # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting |
| # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone |
| # designations that I've never seen before:.... |
| # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun. |
| # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A " |
| # |
| Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 |
| -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3 |
| -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2 |
| -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome |
| -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering |
| -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa |
| |
| # Palmyra |
| # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati |
| |
| # Wake |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 |
| 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time |
| |
| |
| # Vanuatu |
| # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S |
| Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S |
| Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - |
| Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S |
| Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S |
| Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - |
| Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila |
| 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time |
| |
| # Wallis and Futuna |
| # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] |
| Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 |
| 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| # NOTES |
| |
| # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, |
| # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to |
| # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): |
| # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is |
| # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), |
| # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). |
| # |
| # Gwillim Law writes that a good source |
| # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport |
| # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), |
| # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries |
| # of the IATA's data after 1990. |
| # |
| # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for |
| # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. |
| # |
| # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, |
| # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which |
| # I found in the UCLA library. |
| # |
| # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is |
| # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). |
| # |
| # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; |
| # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. |
| # Corrections are welcome! |
| # std dst |
| # LMT Local Mean Time |
| # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia |
| # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia* |
| # 9:00 JST Japan |
| # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia |
| # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia |
| # 10:00 ChST Chamorro |
| # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe* |
| # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 |
| # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present |
| # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham* |
| # -11:00 SST Samoa |
| # -10:00 HST Hawaii |
| # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* |
| # |
| # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii. |
| # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is. |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| # Australia |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): |
| # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"> |
| # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia |
| # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): |
| # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving"> |
| # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales |
| # </a> covers New South Wales in particular. |
| |
| # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): |
| # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time. |
| # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer' |
| # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the |
| # abbreviation does _not_ change... |
| # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least |
| # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the |
| # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses |
| # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight |
| # time'. |
| # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian |
| # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time' |
| # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the |
| # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers |
| # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases |
| # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times; |
| # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): |
| # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is: |
| # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30 |
| # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00 |
| # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00 |
| |
| # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01): |
| # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones: |
| # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time> |
| # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations: |
| # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml> |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST" |
| # versus "AEST" etc.: |
| # |
| # I see the following points of dispute: |
| # |
| # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations? |
| # |
| # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris |
| # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper |
| # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity |
| # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian |
| # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon. |
| # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique |
| # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't |
| # think it's that important to cater to such software these days. |
| # |
| # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous |
| # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is |
| # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for |
| # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second. |
| # |
| # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used? |
| # |
| # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in |
| # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about |
| # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard |
| # Time, for example. |
| # |
| # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to |
| # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a |
| # tiebreaker. |
| # |
| # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern |
| # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with |
| # the word "Australian"? |
| # |
| # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are |
| # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more |
| # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more |
| # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the |
| # following count of page hits: |
| # |
| # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au |
| # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au |
| # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au |
| # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au |
| # |
| # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight", |
| # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US, |
| # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer |
| # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time. |
| # |
| # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of |
| # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and |
| # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here |
| # are the hit counts anyway: |
| # |
| # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au |
| # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au |
| # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au |
| # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au |
| # |
| # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au |
| # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au |
| # 176 "ACST" and domain:au |
| # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au |
| # |
| # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au |
| # 68 "AWST" and domain:au |
| # |
| # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in |
| # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given |
| # the ambiguities involved. |
| # |
| # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database? |
| # |
| # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3 |
| # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay, |
| # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and |
| # understood in Australia. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): |
| # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. |
| # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper |
| # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, |
| # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 |
| # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time. |
| # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. |
| |
| # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): |
| # |
| # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, |
| # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more |
| # relevant entries in this database. |
| # |
| # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): |
| # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html"> |
| # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) |
| # </a> |
| # ACT |
| # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html"> |
| # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 |
| # </a> |
| # SA |
| # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html"> |
| # Standard Time Act, 1898 |
| # </a> |
| |
| # From David Grosz (2005-06-13): |
| # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by |
| # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. |
| # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday |
| # in April instead of the last Sunday in March. |
| # |
| # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): |
| # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan |
| # to extend DST together in 2006. |
| # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt |
| # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html |
| # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html |
| # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 |
| # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles |
| # allude to it. |
| # But not Queensland |
| # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html. |
| |
| # Northern Territory |
| |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] |
| # # [ Nov 1990 ] |
| # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. |
| # ... |
| # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): |
| # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... |
| # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. |
| |
| # Western Australia |
| |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] |
| # # [ Nov 1990 ] |
| # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to |
| # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but |
| # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus |
| # # before reaching parliament. |
| # ... |
| # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST |
| # ... |
| # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W |
| # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): |
| # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... |
| # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. |
| |
| # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): |
| # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney |
| # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at |
| # work at 9.00am.) |
| # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse |
| # everybody again. |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): |
| # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; |
| # it matches what was used in the past. |
| |
| # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm"> |
| # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ |
| # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses |
| # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. |
| |
| # Queensland |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] |
| # # [ Dec 1990 ] |
| # ... |
| # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST |
| # ... |
| # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E |
| # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1989-12-24): |
| # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from |
| # October 1989). |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): |
| # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... |
| # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving |
| # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... |
| |
| # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): |
| # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact |
| # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised |
| # me.) |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1992-03-08): |
| # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted |
| # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... |
| # ... |
| # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S |
| # ... |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): |
| # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. |
| |
| # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning |
| # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01): |
| # WA are trialing DST for three years. |
| # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf> |
| |
| # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): |
| # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the |
| # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western |
| # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The |
| # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so |
| # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the |
| # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South |
| # Australia and Western Australia.... |
| # |
| # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): |
| # This is confirmed by the section entitled |
| # "What's the deal with time zones???" in |
| # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>. |
| # |
| # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): |
| # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, |
| # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern |
| # coast of the continent. |
| # |
| # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no |
| # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border |
| # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west |
| # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is |
| # the largest population centre in this zone.... |
| # |
| # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the |
| # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I |
| # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, |
| # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. |
| # |
| # (2006-12-09): |
| # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving |
| # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis |
| # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well |
| # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): |
| # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the |
| # introduction of standard time in 1895. |
| |
| |
| # southeast Australia |
| # |
| # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): |
| # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT |
| # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. |
| # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html |
| |
| |
| # South Australia |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): |
| # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... |
| # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving |
| # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... |
| |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] |
| # # [ Nov 1990 ] |
| # ... |
| # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST |
| # ... |
| # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C |
| # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C |
| # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1992-03-11): |
| # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide |
| # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, |
| # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." |
| |
| # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): |
| # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) |
| # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even |
| # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival |
| # is on... |
| |
| # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): |
| # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... |
| # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... |
| # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). |
| |
| # From Bradley White (1994-04-11): |
| # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, |
| # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can |
| # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... |
| |
| # From John Warburton (1994-10-07): |
| # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... |
| # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... |
| # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): |
| # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. |
| |
| # Tasmania |
| |
| # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd |
| # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] |
| # # [ Nov 1990 ] |
| |
| # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): |
| # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have |
| # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia |
| # (but nothing new about that). |
| |
| # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): |
| # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the |
| # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, |
| # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria |
| # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 |
| # instead of the first Sunday in October. |
| |
| # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: |
| # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): |
| # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. |
| |
| # Victoria |
| |
| # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd |
| # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] |
| # # [ Nov 1990 ] |
| |
| # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): |
| # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an |
| # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was |
| # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar |
| # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located |
| # in Melbourne, Australia. |
| # |
| # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which |
| # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day |
| # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's |
| # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, |
| # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the |
| # expected time. |
| # |
| # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had |
| # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of |
| # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps |
| # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. |
| # |
| # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html |
| # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): |
| # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. |
| |
| # New South Wales |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson: |
| # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. |
| # Based on law library research by John Mackin, |
| # who notes: |
| # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the |
| # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time'' |
| # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common |
| # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the |
| # legislation. This is very important to understand. |
| # I have researched New South Wales time only... |
| |
| # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): |
| # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual |
| # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore, |
| # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html"> |
| # Two months more daylight saving |
| # </a> |
| # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).] |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): |
| # See the following official NSW source: |
| # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ"> |
| # Daylight Saving in New South Wales. |
| # </a> |
| # |
| # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of |
| # daylight saving next year. See: |
| # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm"> |
| # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving |
| # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. |
| # |
| # Victoria will following NSW. See: |
| # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm"> |
| # Vic to extend daylight saving |
| # </a> (1999-07-28). |
| # |
| # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: |
| # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm"> |
| # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request |
| # </a> (1999-07-19). |
| # |
| # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: |
| # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm"> |
| # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics |
| # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying |
| # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time |
| # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very |
| # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of |
| # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. |
| # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.'' |
| # |
| # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: |
| # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm"> |
| # Broken Hill to be behind the times |
| # </a> (1999-07-21). |
| |
| # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian |
| # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken |
| # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. |
| |
| # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: |
| # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW |
| # towns to use Queensland time. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): |
| # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. |
| |
| # Yancowinna |
| |
| # From John Mackin (1989-01-04): |
| # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. |
| |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] |
| # # [ Dec 1990 ] |
| # ... |
| # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the |
| # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings |
| # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government |
| # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have |
| # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not |
| # # presently available. |
| # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST |
| # ... |
| # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C |
| # [followed by other Rules] |
| |
| # Lord Howe Island |
| |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] |
| # [ Dec 1990 ] |
| # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an |
| # hour ahead of NSW time. |
| |
| # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): |
| # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same |
| # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the |
| # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is |
| # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time |
| # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour |
| # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents |
| # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing |
| # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will |
| # however always coincide with the rest of NSW. |
| |
| # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): |
| # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards |
| # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently |
| # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as |
| # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start |
| # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): |
| # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and |
| # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): |
| # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. |
| |
| # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): |
| # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight |
| # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 |
| # summer (southern hemisphere). |
| # |
| # From |
| # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf"> |
| # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf |
| # </a> |
| # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling |
| # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. |
| # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each |
| # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. |
| # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia |
| # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and |
| # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... |
| # |
| # We have a wrap-up here: |
| # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html"> |
| # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html |
| # </a> |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| # New Zealand |
| |
| # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): |
| # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. |
| # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for |
| # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). |
| # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. |
| |
| # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): |
| # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! |
| # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. |
| # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] |
| # # [ Nov 1990 ] |
| # ... |
| # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D |
| # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S |
| # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S |
| # ... |
| # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand |
| # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): |
| # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 |
| # rather than the October 1 value. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); |
| # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. |
| # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight |
| # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard |
| # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. |
| # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. |
| # |
| # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): |
| # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, |
| # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references. |
| # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. |
| # |
| # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with |
| # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham |
| # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. |
| |
| # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): |
| # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the |
| # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning |
| # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. |
| # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| |
| # Fiji |
| |
| # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji |
| # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time |
| # instead of the American system (which was one day behind). |
| |
| # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): |
| # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 |
| # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will |
| # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): |
| # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. |
| |
| # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC): |
| # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to |
| # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it |
| # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific |
| # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new |
| # millenium. |
| |
| # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) |
| # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. |
| |
| # Johnston |
| |
| # Johnston data is from usno1995. |
| |
| |
| # Kiribati |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): |
| # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati |
| # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995'' |
| # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. |
| |
| |
| # Kwajalein |
| |
| # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes: |
| # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday, |
| # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with |
| # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands, |
| # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink. |
| |
| |
| # N Mariana Is, Guam |
| |
| # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the |
| # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones |
| # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. |
| # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; |
| # see Asia/Manila. |
| |
| # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time, |
| # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, |
| # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, |
| # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". |
| |
| |
| # Micronesia |
| |
| # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), |
| # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk" |
| # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.'' |
| # |
| # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 |
| # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): |
| # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in |
| # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"> |
| # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information |
| # </a> (1999-01-26) |
| # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. |
| # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. |
| |
| |
| # Midway |
| |
| # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), |
| # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection |
| # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): |
| # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight |
| # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, |
| # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 |
| # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to |
| # air at 6am your time. |
| # |
| # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): |
| # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they |
| # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years |
| # in Midway, but we have no record of it. |
| |
| |
| # Pitcairn |
| |
| # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): |
| # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 |
| # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. |
| # |
| # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be |
| # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known |
| # as Pitcairn Standard Time. |
| # |
| # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several |
| # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation |
| # somehow in light of this proclamation. |
| |
| # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): |
| # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 |
| # ... at midnight. |
| |
| # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: |
| # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as |
| # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in |
| # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. |
| |
| |
| # Samoa |
| |
| # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald) |
| # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change |
| # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, |
| # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that |
| # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.'' |
| |
| |
| # Tonga |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): |
| # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting |
| # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.'' |
| # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. |
| |
| # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle |
| # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm"> |
| # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins' |
| # </a>: |
| |
| # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST |
| # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its |
| # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its |
| # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of |
| # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees |
| # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). |
| # |
| # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince |
| # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time |
| # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. |
| # |
| # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer |
| # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 |
| # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 |
| # minutes we have lost?" |
| # |
| # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that |
| # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth |
| # to say your prayers in the morning." |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): |
| # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. |
| |
| # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): |
| # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium |
| # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. |
| # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from |
| # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan |
| # Government. |
| |
| # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): |
| # * Tonga will introduce DST in November |
| # |
| # I was given this link by John Letts: |
| # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm"> |
| # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm |
| # </a> |
| # |
| # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November |
| # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead |
| # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead |
| # (12 + 1 hour DST). |
| |
| # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): |
| # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html"> |
| # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html |
| # </a>: |
| # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 |
| # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the |
| # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on |
| # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and |
| # set back an hour on the closing date." |
| # Alas, no indication of the time of day. |
| |
| # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): |
| # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. |
| # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. |
| |
| # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): |
| # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com |
| # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 |
| # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article |
| # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the |
| # text, and I have forgotten to report it here. |
| # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm ) |
| |
| # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): |
| # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. |
| |
| # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: |
| # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom |
| # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday |
| # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one |
| # hour to 1:00am. |
| |
| # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05): |
| # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. |
| |
| |
| # Wake |
| |
| # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, |
| # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): |
| # |
| # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the |
| # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the |
| # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we |
| # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time |
| # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost |
| # impossible. |
| # |
| # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): |
| # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. |
| |
| ############################################################################### |
| |
| # The International Date Line |
| |
| # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): |
| # |
| # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, |
| # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. |
| # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on |
| # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. |
| # |
| # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and |
| # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL |
| # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most |
| # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line |
| # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific |
| # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international |
| # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is |
| # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some |
| # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not |
| # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the |
| # correct date is ambiguous. |
| |
| # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): |
| # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting |
| # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's |
| # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's |
| # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the |
| # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all |
| # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones |
| # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any |
| # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted |
| # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's |
| # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were |
| # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many |
| # independent merchant ships until World War II. |
| |
| # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen |
| # (2005-03-20): |
| # |
| # The American Practical Navigator (2002) |
| # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187> |
| # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in |
| # international waters; it ignores the international date line. |
