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<title>Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Boost.Foreach</title>
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<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="foreach"></a>Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Boost.Foreach</h2></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Eric</span> <span class="surname">Niebler</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2004 Eric Niebler</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id1257431"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></div>
</div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="foreach/extensibility.html">Extensibility</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="foreach/portability.html">Portability</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="foreach/pitfalls.html">Pitfalls</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="foreach/history_and_acknowledgements.html">History and Acknowledgements</a></span></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="foreach.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="quote">&#8220;<span class="quote">Make simple things easy.</span>&#8221;</span><br> <span class="bold"><strong><span class="emphasis"><em>--
Larry Wall</em></span></strong></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="foreach.introduction.what_is__literal_boost_foreach__literal__"></a><h3>
<a name="id1257492"></a>
<a class="link" href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction.what_is__literal_boost_foreach__literal__">What
is <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>?</a>
</h3>
<p>
In C++, writing a loop that iterates over a sequence is tedious. We can either
use iterators, which requires a considerable amount of boiler-plate, or we
can use the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">for_each</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
algorithm and move our loop body into a predicate, which requires no less boiler-plate
and forces us to move our logic far from where it will be used. In contrast,
some other languages, like Perl, provide a dedicated "foreach" construct
that automates this process. <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> is just such
a construct for C++. It iterates over sequences for us, freeing us from having
to deal directly with iterators or write predicates.
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> is designed for ease-of-use and efficiency.
It does no dynamic allocations, makes no virtual function calls or calls through
function pointers, and makes no calls that are not transparent to the compiler's
optimizer. This results in near-optimal code generation; the performance of
<code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> is usually within a few percent of the equivalent
hand-coded loop. And although <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> is a macro,
it is a remarkably well-behaved one. It evaluates its arguments exactly once,
leading to no nasty surprises.
</p>
<a name="foreach.introduction.hello__world_"></a><h3>
<a name="id1257591"></a>
<a class="link" href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction.hello__world_">Hello, world!</a>
</h3>
<p>
Below is a sample program that uses <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> to loop
over the contents of a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span></code>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">foreach</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="string">"Hello, world!"</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">ch</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">ch</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
This program outputs the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">Hello, world!
</pre>
<a name="foreach.introduction.supported_sequence_types"></a><h3>
<a name="id1257885"></a>
<a class="link" href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction.supported_sequence_types">Supported Sequence
Types</a>
</h3>
<p>
<code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> iterates over sequences. But what qualifies
as a sequence, exactly? Since <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> is built on
top of <a href="../../libs/range/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Range</a>, it automatically
supports those types which <a href="../../libs/range/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Range</a>
recognizes as sequences. Specifically, <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> works
with types that satisfy the <a href="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/concepts/single_pass_range.html" target="_top">Single
Pass Range Concept</a>. For example, we can use <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>
with:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
STL containers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
arrays
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Null-terminated strings (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">wchar_t</span></code>)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
std::pair of iterators
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
The support for STL containers is very general; anything that looks like
an STL container counts. If it has nested <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iterator</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">const_iterator</span></code> types
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
member functions, <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> will automatically know
how to iterate over it. It is in this way that <a href="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/utilities/iterator_range.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_range</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code></a>
and <a href="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/utilities/sub_range.html" target="_top"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">sub_range</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code></a>
work with <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
See the section on <a class="link" href="foreach/extensibility.html" title="Extensibility">Extensibility</a>
to find out how to make <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> work with other types.
</p>
<a name="foreach.introduction.examples"></a><h3>
<a name="id1258416"></a>
<a class="link" href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction.examples">Examples</a>
</h3>
<p>
Below are some examples that demonstrate all the different ways we can use
<code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>.
</p>
<p>
Iterate over an STL container:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// do something with i
</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Iterate over an array, with covariance (i.e., the type of the iteration variable
is not exactly the same as the element type of the container):
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="identifier">array_short</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">array_short</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// The short was implicitly converted to an int
</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Predeclare the loop variable, and use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">break</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">continue</span></code>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span></code>
in the loop body:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">deque</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">deque_int</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">deque_int</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">0</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">continue</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">break</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Iterate over a sequence by reference, and modify the underlying sequence:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="identifier">array_short</span><span class="special">[]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">short</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">array_short</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// array_short contains {2,3,4} here
</span></pre>
<p>
Iterate over a vector of vectors with nested <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>
loops. In this example, notice that braces around the loop body are not necessary:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">matrix_int</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">row</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">matrix_int</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">row</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">++</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Iterate over an expression that returns a sequence by value (i.e. an rvalue):
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">extern</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">float</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">get_vector_float</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">get_vector_float</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Note: get_vector_float() will be called exactly once
</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Iterate in reverse:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_REVERSE_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// do something with i
</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Iterating over rvalues doesn't work on some older compilers. Check the <a class="link" href="foreach/portability.html" title="Portability">Portability</a> section to see whether your
compiler supports this.
</p>
<a name="foreach.introduction.making__literal_boost_foreach__literal__prettier"></a><h3>
<a name="id1259504"></a>
<a class="link" href="foreach.html#foreach.introduction.making__literal_boost_foreach__literal__prettier">Making
<code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code> Prettier</a>
</h3>
<p>
People have complained about the name <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>. It's
too long. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ALL</span> <span class="identifier">CAPS</span></code>
can get tiresome to look at. That may be true, but <code class="literal">BOOST_FOREACH</code>
is merely following the <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/lib_guide.htm" target="_top">Boost
Naming Convention</a>. That doesn't mean you're stuck with it, though.
If you would like to use a different identifier (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">foreach</span></code>,
perhaps), you can simply do:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">foreach</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">reverse_foreach</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_REVERSE_FOREACH</span>
</pre>
<p>
Only do this if you are sure that the identifier you choose will not cause
name conflicts in your code.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Do not use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">foreach</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_FOREACH</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span></code>. This
can be problematic if the arguments are macros themselves. This would result
in an additional expansion of these macros. Instead, use the form shown above.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 10, 2010 at 00:44:25 GMT</small></p></td>
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