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   <h1>Function Pointer Adapters</h1>

   <p>The header <a href="../../boost/functional.hpp">functional.hpp</a>
   provides enhanced versions of both the function pointer adapters from the
   C++ Standard Library (&sect;20.3.7):</p>

   <ul>
     <li><tt>pointer_to_unary_function</tt></li>

     <li><tt>pointer_to_binary_function</tt></li>
   </ul>

   <p>As well as the corresponding helper function template:</p>

   <ul>
     <li><tt>ptr_fun</tt></li>
   </ul>

   <p>However, you should not need to use the adapters in conjunction with the
   adapters in this library due to our use of <a href=
   "function_traits.html">function object traits</a>. You will however need to
   use them if your implementation fails to work properly with our traits
   classes (due to lack if partial specialisation), or if you wish to use a
   function object adapter from a third party.</p>

   <h3>Usage</h3>

   <p>If you need to use these adapters, usage is identical to the standard
   function pointer adapters. For example,</p>

   <blockquote>
     <pre>
 bool bad(std::string foo) { ... }
 ...
 std::vector&lt;std::string&gt; c;
 ...
 std::vector&lt;std::string&gt;::iterator it
      = std::find_if(c.begin(), c.end(), std::not1(boost::ptr_fun(bad)));
 </pre>
   </blockquote>

   <p>Note however that this library contains enhanced <a href=
   "negators.html">negators</a> that support function object traits, so the
   line above could equally be written</p>

   <blockquote>
     <pre>
 std::vector&lt;std::string&gt;::iterator it
      = std::find_if(c.begin(), c.end(), boost::not1(bad));
 </pre>
   </blockquote>

   <h3>Argument Types</h3>

   <p>The standard defines <tt>pointer_to_unary_function</tt> like this
   (&sect;20.3.8&nbsp;&para;2):</p>

   <blockquote>
     <pre>
 template &lt;class Arg, class Result&gt;
 class pointer_to_unary_function : public unary_function&lt;Arg, Result&gt; {
 public:
   explicit pointer_to_unary_function(Result (* f)(<strong>Arg</strong>));
   Result operator()(<strong>Arg</strong> x) const;
 };
 </pre>
   </blockquote>

   <p>Note that the argument to <tt>operator()</tt> is exactly the same type
   as the argument to the wrapped function. If this is a value type, the
   argument will be passed by value and copied twice.
   <tt>pointer_to_binary_function</tt> has a similar problem.</p>

   <p>However, if we were to try and eliminate this inefficiency by instead
   declaring the argument as <tt>const&nbsp;Arg&amp;</tt>, then if Arg were a
   reference type, we would have a reference to a reference, which is
   currently illegal (but see <a href=
   "http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_active.html#106">C++ core
   language issue number 106)</a></p>

   <p>So the way in which we want to declare the argument for
   <tt>operator()</tt> depends on whether or not the wrapped function's
   argument is a reference. If it is a reference, we want to declare it simply
   as <tt>Arg</tt>; if it is a value we want to declare it as
   <tt>const&nbsp;Arg&amp;</tt>.</p>

   <p>The Boost <a href="../utility/call_traits.htm">call_traits</a> class
   template contains a <tt>param_type</tt> typedef, which uses partial
   specialisation to make precisely this decision. By declaring the
   <tt>operator()</tt> as</p>

   <blockquote>
     <pre>
 Result operator()(typename call_traits&lt;Arg&gt;::param_type x) const
 </pre>
   </blockquote>

   <p>we achieve the desired result - we improve efficiency without generating
   references to references.</p>

   <h3>Limitations</h3>

   <p>The call traits template used to realise this improvement relies on
   partial specialisation, so this improvement is only available on compilers
   that support that feature. With other compilers, the argument passed to the
   function will always be passed by reference, thus generating the
   possibility of references to references.</p>
   <hr>

   <p><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer"><img border="0" src=
   "../../doc/images/valid-html401.png" alt="Valid HTML 4.01 Transitional"
   height="31" width="88"></a></p>

   <p>Revised
   <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->02
   December, 2006<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="38510" --></p>

   <p><i>Copyright &copy; 2000 Cadenza New Zealand Ltd.</i></p>

   <p><i>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
   accompanying file <a href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or
   copy at <a href=
   "http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</i></p>
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	<title>Boost Function Object Adapter Library</title>
	</head>

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	<table border="1" bgcolor="#007F7F" cellpadding="2" summary="">
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	<h1>Function Pointer Adapters</h1>

	<p>The header <a href="../../boost/functional.hpp">functional.hpp</a>
	provides enhanced versions of both the function pointer adapters from the
	C++ Standard Library (§20.3.7):</p>

	<ul>
	<li><tt>pointer_to_unary_function</tt></li>

	<li><tt>pointer_to_binary_function</tt></li>
	</ul>

	<p>As well as the corresponding helper function template:</p>

	<ul>
	<li><tt>ptr_fun</tt></li>
	</ul>

	<p>However, you should not need to use the adapters in conjunction with the
	adapters in this library due to our use of <a href=
	"function_traits.html">function object traits</a>. You will however need to
	use them if your implementation fails to work properly with our traits
	classes (due to lack if partial specialisation), or if you wish to use a
	function object adapter from a third party.</p>

	<h3>Usage</h3>

	<p>If you need to use these adapters, usage is identical to the standard
	function pointer adapters. For example,</p>

	<blockquote>
	<pre>
	bool bad(std::string foo) { ... }
	...
	std::vector<std::string> c;
	...
	std::vector<std::string>::iterator it
	= std::find_if(c.begin(), c.end(), std::not1(boost::ptr_fun(bad)));
	</pre>
	</blockquote>

	<p>Note however that this library contains enhanced <a href=
	"negators.html">negators</a> that support function object traits, so the
	line above could equally be written</p>

	<blockquote>
	<pre>
	std::vector<std::string>::iterator it
	= std::find_if(c.begin(), c.end(), boost::not1(bad));
	</pre>
	</blockquote>

	<h3>Argument Types</h3>

	<p>The standard defines <tt>pointer_to_unary_function</tt> like this
	(§20.3.8 ¶2):</p>

	<blockquote>
	<pre>
	template <class Arg, class Result>
	class pointer_to_unary_function : public unary_function<Arg, Result> {
	public:
	explicit pointer_to_unary_function(Result (* f)(<strong>Arg</strong>));
	Result operator()(<strong>Arg</strong> x) const;
	};
	</pre>
	</blockquote>

	<p>Note that the argument to <tt>operator()</tt> is exactly the same type
	as the argument to the wrapped function. If this is a value type, the
	argument will be passed by value and copied twice.
	<tt>pointer_to_binary_function</tt> has a similar problem.</p>

	<p>However, if we were to try and eliminate this inefficiency by instead
	declaring the argument as <tt>const Arg&</tt>, then if Arg were a
	reference type, we would have a reference to a reference, which is
	currently illegal (but see <a href=
	"http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_active.html#106">C++ core
	language issue number 106)</a></p>

	<p>So the way in which we want to declare the argument for
	<tt>operator()</tt> depends on whether or not the wrapped function's
	argument is a reference. If it is a reference, we want to declare it simply
	as <tt>Arg</tt>; if it is a value we want to declare it as
	<tt>const Arg&</tt>.</p>

	<p>The Boost <a href="../utility/call_traits.htm">call_traits</a> class
	template contains a <tt>param_type</tt> typedef, which uses partial
	specialisation to make precisely this decision. By declaring the
	<tt>operator()</tt> as</p>

	<blockquote>
	<pre>
	Result operator()(typename call_traits<Arg>::param_type x) const
	</pre>
	</blockquote>

	<p>we achieve the desired result - we improve efficiency without generating
	references to references.</p>

	<h3>Limitations</h3>

	<p>The call traits template used to realise this improvement relies on
	partial specialisation, so this improvement is only available on compilers
	that support that feature. With other compilers, the argument passed to the
	function will always be passed by reference, thus generating the
	possibility of references to references.</p>
	<hr>

	<p><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer"><img border="0" src=
	"../../doc/images/valid-html401.png" alt="Valid HTML 4.01 Transitional"
	height="31" width="88"></a></p>

	<p>Revised
	<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->02
	December, 2006<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="38510" --></p>

	<p><i>Copyright © 2000 Cadenza New Zealand Ltd.</i></p>

	<p><i>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
	accompanying file <a href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or
	copy at <a href=
	"http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</i></p>
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