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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics"></a><a class="link" href="karma_basics.html" title="Basics">Basics</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<a name="spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.lazy_argument"></a><h6>
<a name="id992212"></a>
<a class="link" href="karma_basics.html#spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.lazy_argument">Lazy
Argument</a>
</h6>
<p>
Some generators (e.g. primitives and non-terminals) may take in additional
attributes. Such generators take the form:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">a2</span><span class="special">,...,</span> <span class="identifier">aN</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">g</span></code> is a generator.
Each of the arguments (a1 ... aN) can either be an immediate value, or
a function, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>, with signature:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Unused</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Context</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>, the function's
return value, is compatible with the argument type expected and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Context</span></code> is the generator's Context type
(The first argument is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">unused</span></code>
to make the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Context</span></code> the
second argument. This is done for uniformity with <a class="link" href="../tutorials/semantic_actions.html" title="Semantic Actions">Semantic
Actions</a>).
</p>
<a name="spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.character_encoding_namespace"></a><h6>
<a name="id992352"></a>
<a class="link" href="karma_basics.html#spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.character_encoding_namespace">Character
Encoding Namespace</a>
</h6>
<p>
Some generators need to know which character set a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">wchar_t</span></code> is operating on.
For example, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">alnum</span></code>
generator works differently with ISO8859.1 and ASCII encodings. Where necessary,
Spirit encodes (tags) the generator with the character set.
</p>
<p>
We have a namespace for each character set Spirit will be supporting. That
includes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">ascii</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">iso8859_1</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">standard</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">standard_wide</span></code> (and
in the future, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">unicode</span></code>).
In each of the character encoding namespaces, we place tagged versions
of generators such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">alnum</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">space</span></code> etc.
</p>
<p>
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">ascii</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">space</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// use the ASCII space generator
</span></pre>
<p>
Namespaces:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::ascii
</li>
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::iso8859_1
</li>
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::standard
</li>
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::standard_wide
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
For ease of use, the components in this namespaces are also brought into
the karma sub-namespaces with the same names:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::karma::ascii
</li>
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::karma::iso8859_1
</li>
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::karma::standard
</li>
<li class="listitem">
boost::spirit::karma::standard_wide
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.examples"></a><h6>
<a name="id992568"></a>
<a class="link" href="karma_basics.html#spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.examples">Examples</a>
</h6>
<p>
All sections in the reference present some real world examples. The examples
use a common test harness to keep the example code as minimal and direct
to the point as possible. The test harness is presented below.
</p>
<p>
Some includes:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">phoenix_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">phoenix_operator</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">fusion</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">std_pair</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
The used output iterator:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">output_iterator_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Our test functions:
</p>
<p>
This one tests the generators without attributes.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">G</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">test_generator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">G</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"ok"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"fail"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
These test the generators with one or more user supplied attributes.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">G</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">test_generator_attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">G</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"ok"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"fail"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">G</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">test_generator_attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">G</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">attr1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">attr2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">attr1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">attr2</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"ok"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"fail"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
This tests the generators with one attribute and while using delimited
output.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">G</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">Delimiter</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">test_generator_attr_delim</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">G</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Delimiter</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generate_delimited</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"ok"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"fail"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
The examples of the binary generators use one or more of the following
tests.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">G</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">test_binary_generator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">G</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memcmp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"ok"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"fail"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">G</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">test_binary_generator_attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">G</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_insert_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">karma</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">generate</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">memcmp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">expected</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"ok"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cout</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="string">"fail"</span> <span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">endl</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<a name="spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.models"></a><h6>
<a name="id996310"></a>
<a class="link" href="karma_basics.html#spirit.karma.reference.karma_basics.models">Models</a>
</h6>
<p>
Predefined models include:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
any literal string, e.g. "Hello, World",
</li>
<li class="listitem">
a pointer/reference to a null-terminated array of characters
</li>
<li class="listitem">
a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">basic_string</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The namespace <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">spirit</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">traits</span></code> is open for users to provide their
own specializations. The customization points implemented by <span class="emphasis"><em>Spirit.Karma</em></span>
usable to customize the behavior of generators are described in the section
<a class="link" href="../../advanced/customize.html" title="Customization of Spirit's Attribute Handling">Customization of Attribute Handling</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2001-2010 Joel de Guzman, Hartmut Kaiser<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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