doc/HOWTO

Hello everybody,

Although there is a man page which documents most of the actual
commands, there is still a 'gap' concerning what bridges are, and how
to set them up. This document attempts to fill this gap.

In fact, this document is a 15-min hack, so feel free to {complain
about,improve on} it. Especially if this document (or the FAQ) does
not tell you what you want to know; I would consider that to be a bug.


Have fun!
Lennert Buytenhek


<================= CUT HERE AND DAMAGE YOUR SCREEN =================>



1. The basics
-------------

What does a bridge actually do? In plain English, a bridge connects
two or more different physical ethernets together to form one large
(logical) ethernet. The physical ethernets being connected together
correspond to network interfaces in your linux box. The bigger
(logical) ethernet corresponds to a virtual network interface in linux
(often called br0, br1, br2, etc.)

Let's say we want to tie eth0 and eth1 together, turning those
networks into one larger network. What do we do? Well, we need to
create an instance of the bridge first.

	# brctl addbr br0

(You can check that this gives you a network interface called br0.)
Now we want to enslave eth0 and eth1 to this bridge.

	# brctl addif br0 eth0
	# brctl addif br0 eth1

And now... because we connected the two ethernets together, they now
form one large subnet. We are actually only on only one subnet, namely
br0. We can forget about the fact that br0 is actually eth[01] in
disguise; we will only deal with br0 from now on. Because we are only
on one subnet, we only need one IP address for the bridge. This
address we assign to br0. eth0 and eth1 should not have IP addresses
allocated to them.

	# ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0
	# ifconfig eth1 0.0.0.0
	# ifconfig br0 my.ip.address.here

The last command also puts the interface br0 into the 'up' state. This
will activate the forwarding of packets, which in plain English means
that from that point on, eth0 and eth1 will be 'joined'
together. Hosts on eth0 should 'see' hosts on eth1 and vice versa.

The bridge will also (automatically) activate the Spanning Tree
Protocol: this is a network protocol spoken by switches for (roughly
speaking) calculating the shortest distances and eliminating loops in
the topology of the network. You can disable the stp if you really
want/need to; see brctl(8) for details.



2. More complicated setups
--------------------------

We can create multiple bridge port groups and do filtering/NATting
between them, just like we can do that with ordinary network
interfaces.

For example: on a quadport network card, dedicate two ports to a LAN
on which we have IP 10.16.0.254, and the other two ports to a LAN on
which we have IP 192.168.10.1    (this is an actual setup)

	# brctl addbr br_10
	# brctl addif br_10 eth0
	# brctl addif br_10 eth1
	# ifconfig br_10 10.16.0.254

	# brctl addbr br_192
	# brctl addif br_192 eth2
	# brctl addif br_192 eth3
	# ifconfig br_192 192.168.10.1

You now have logical network interfaces br_10 and br_192, which will
act just like ordinary interfaces. The only difference is that they
each correspond to two physical network interfaces, but nobody cares
about that.

So.. for example, if 192.168.10.2 is the only host on the 192.*
network that is allowed to access the 10.* network, we would do:

ipchains -P forward REJECT
ipchains -A forward -s 192.168.10.2/32 -d 10.0.0.0/8 -i br_10 -j ACCEPT

(just like you were used to).





Hope this helped. If not, send a cry for help to the mailing list.