blob: 77a1567a944c71b95fc5c11d077138e7cc6df563 [file] [log] [blame] [edit]
/*
* f_dfu.c -- Device Firmware Update USB function
*
* Copyright (C) 2012 Samsung Electronics
* authors: Andrzej Pietrasiewicz <andrzej.p@samsung.com>
* Lukasz Majewski <l.majewski@samsung.com>
*
* Based on OpenMoko u-boot: drivers/usb/usbdfu.c
* (C) 2007 by OpenMoko, Inc.
* Author: Harald Welte <laforge@openmoko.org>
*
* based on existing SAM7DFU code from OpenPCD:
* (C) Copyright 2006 by Harald Welte <hwelte at hmw-consulting.de>
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
*/
#include <errno.h>
#include <common.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <linux/usb/ch9.h>
#include <linux/usb/gadget.h>
#include <linux/usb/composite.h>
#include <dfu.h>
#include <g_dnl.h>
#include "f_dfu.h"
struct f_dfu {
struct usb_function usb_function;
struct usb_descriptor_header **function;
struct usb_string *strings;
/* when configured, we have one config */
u8 config;
u8 altsetting;
enum dfu_state dfu_state;
unsigned int dfu_status;
/* Send/received block number is handy for data integrity check */
int blk_seq_num;
unsigned int poll_timeout;
};
typedef int (*dfu_state_fn) (struct f_dfu *,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *,
struct usb_gadget *,
struct usb_request *);
static inline struct f_dfu *func_to_dfu(struct usb_function *f)
{
return container_of(f, struct f_dfu, usb_function);
}
static const struct dfu_function_descriptor dfu_func = {
.bLength = sizeof dfu_func,
.bDescriptorType = DFU_DT_FUNC,
.bmAttributes = DFU_BIT_WILL_DETACH |
DFU_BIT_MANIFESTATION_TOLERANT |
DFU_BIT_CAN_UPLOAD |
DFU_BIT_CAN_DNLOAD,
.wDetachTimeOut = 0,
.wTransferSize = DFU_USB_BUFSIZ,
.bcdDFUVersion = __constant_cpu_to_le16(0x0110),
};
static struct usb_interface_descriptor dfu_intf_runtime = {
.bLength = sizeof dfu_intf_runtime,
.bDescriptorType = USB_DT_INTERFACE,
.bNumEndpoints = 0,
.bInterfaceClass = USB_CLASS_APP_SPEC,
.bInterfaceSubClass = 1,
.bInterfaceProtocol = 1,
/* .iInterface = DYNAMIC */
};
static struct usb_descriptor_header *dfu_runtime_descs[] = {
(struct usb_descriptor_header *) &dfu_intf_runtime,
NULL,
};
static const char dfu_name[] = "Device Firmware Upgrade";
/*
* static strings, in UTF-8
*
* dfu_generic configuration
*/
static struct usb_string strings_dfu_generic[] = {
[0].s = dfu_name,
{ } /* end of list */
};
static struct usb_gadget_strings stringtab_dfu_generic = {
.language = 0x0409, /* en-us */
.strings = strings_dfu_generic,
};
static struct usb_gadget_strings *dfu_generic_strings[] = {
&stringtab_dfu_generic,
NULL,
};
/*
* usb_function specific
*/
static struct usb_gadget_strings stringtab_dfu = {
.language = 0x0409, /* en-us */
/*
* .strings
*
* assigned during initialization,
* depends on number of flash entities
*
*/
};
static struct usb_gadget_strings *dfu_strings[] = {
&stringtab_dfu,
NULL,
};
static void dfu_set_poll_timeout(struct dfu_status *dstat, unsigned int ms)
{
/*
* The bwPollTimeout DFU_GETSTATUS request payload provides information
* about minimum time, in milliseconds, that the host should wait before
* sending a subsequent DFU_GETSTATUS request
*
* This permits the device to vary the delay depending on its need to
* erase or program the memory
*
*/
unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)&ms;
if (!ms || (ms & ~DFU_POLL_TIMEOUT_MASK)) {
dstat->bwPollTimeout[0] = 0;
dstat->bwPollTimeout[1] = 0;
dstat->bwPollTimeout[2] = 0;
return;
}
dstat->bwPollTimeout[0] = *p++;
dstat->bwPollTimeout[1] = *p++;
dstat->bwPollTimeout[2] = *p;
}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static void dnload_request_complete(struct usb_ep *ep, struct usb_request *req)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = req->context;
int ret;
ret = dfu_write(dfu_get_entity(f_dfu->altsetting), req->buf,
req->length, f_dfu->blk_seq_num);
if (ret) {
f_dfu->dfu_status = DFU_STATUS_errUNKNOWN;
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
}
}
static void dnload_request_flush(struct usb_ep *ep, struct usb_request *req)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = req->context;
int ret;
ret = dfu_flush(dfu_get_entity(f_dfu->altsetting), req->buf,
req->length, f_dfu->blk_seq_num);
if (ret) {
f_dfu->dfu_status = DFU_STATUS_errUNKNOWN;
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
}
}
static inline int dfu_get_manifest_timeout(struct dfu_entity *dfu)
{
return dfu->poll_timeout ? dfu->poll_timeout(dfu) :
DFU_MANIFEST_POLL_TIMEOUT;
}
static void handle_getstatus(struct usb_request *req)
{
struct dfu_status *dstat = (struct dfu_status *)req->buf;
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = req->context;
struct dfu_entity *dfu = dfu_get_entity(f_dfu->altsetting);
dfu_set_poll_timeout(dstat, 0);
switch (f_dfu->dfu_state) {
case DFU_STATE_dfuDNLOAD_SYNC:
case DFU_STATE_dfuDNBUSY:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuDNLOAD_IDLE;
break;
case DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST_SYNC:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST;
break;
case DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST:
dfu_set_poll_timeout(dstat, dfu_get_manifest_timeout(dfu));
break;
default:
break;
}
if (f_dfu->poll_timeout)
if (!(f_dfu->blk_seq_num %
(dfu_get_buf_size() / DFU_USB_BUFSIZ)))
dfu_set_poll_timeout(dstat, f_dfu->poll_timeout);
/* send status response */
dstat->bStatus = f_dfu->dfu_status;
dstat->bState = f_dfu->dfu_state;
dstat->iString = 0;
}
static void handle_getstate(struct usb_request *req)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = req->context;
((u8 *)req->buf)[0] = f_dfu->dfu_state;
req->actual = sizeof(u8);
}
static inline void to_dfu_mode(struct f_dfu *f_dfu)
{
f_dfu->usb_function.strings = dfu_strings;
f_dfu->usb_function.hs_descriptors = f_dfu->function;
f_dfu->usb_function.descriptors = f_dfu->function;
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
}
static inline void to_runtime_mode(struct f_dfu *f_dfu)
{
f_dfu->usb_function.strings = NULL;
f_dfu->usb_function.hs_descriptors = dfu_runtime_descs;
f_dfu->usb_function.descriptors = dfu_runtime_descs;
}
static int handle_upload(struct usb_request *req, u16 len)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = req->context;
return dfu_read(dfu_get_entity(f_dfu->altsetting), req->buf,
req->length, f_dfu->blk_seq_num);
}
static int handle_dnload(struct usb_gadget *gadget, u16 len)
{
struct usb_composite_dev *cdev = get_gadget_data(gadget);
struct usb_request *req = cdev->req;
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = req->context;
if (len == 0)
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST_SYNC;
req->complete = dnload_request_complete;
return len;
}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* DFU state machine */
static int state_app_idle(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_DETACH:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_appDETACH;
to_dfu_mode(f_dfu);
value = RET_ZLP;
break;
default:
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_app_detach(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_appIDLE;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_idle(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);
u16 len = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_DNLOAD:
if (len == 0) {
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuDNLOAD_SYNC;
f_dfu->blk_seq_num = w_value;
value = handle_dnload(gadget, len);
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_UPLOAD:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuUPLOAD_IDLE;
f_dfu->blk_seq_num = 0;
value = handle_upload(req, len);
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_ABORT:
/* no zlp? */
value = RET_ZLP;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_DETACH:
/*
* Proprietary extension: 'detach' from idle mode and
* get back to runtime mode in case of USB Reset. As
* much as I dislike this, we just can't use every USB
* bus reset to switch back to runtime mode, since at
* least the Linux USB stack likes to send a number of
* resets in a row :(
*/
f_dfu->dfu_state =
DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST_WAIT_RST;
to_runtime_mode(f_dfu);
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_appIDLE;
g_dnl_trigger_detach();
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_dnload_sync(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_dnbusy(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_dnload_idle(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);
u16 len = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_DNLOAD:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuDNLOAD_SYNC;
f_dfu->blk_seq_num = w_value;
value = handle_dnload(gadget, len);
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_ABORT:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
value = RET_ZLP;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_manifest_sync(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
/* We're MainfestationTolerant */
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST;
handle_getstatus(req);
f_dfu->blk_seq_num = 0;
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
req->complete = dnload_request_flush;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_manifest(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
/* We're MainfestationTolerant */
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
handle_getstatus(req);
f_dfu->blk_seq_num = 0;
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
puts("DOWNLOAD ... OK\nCtrl+C to exit ...\n");
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_upload_idle(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);
u16 len = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_UPLOAD:
/* state transition if less data then requested */
f_dfu->blk_seq_num = w_value;
value = handle_upload(req, len);
if (value >= 0 && value < len)
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_ABORT:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
/* no zlp? */
value = RET_ZLP;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static int state_dfu_error(struct f_dfu *f_dfu,
const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl,
struct usb_gadget *gadget,
struct usb_request *req)
{
int value = 0;
switch (ctrl->bRequest) {
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATUS:
handle_getstatus(req);
value = RET_STAT_LEN;
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_GETSTATE:
handle_getstate(req);
break;
case USB_REQ_DFU_CLRSTATUS:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
f_dfu->dfu_status = DFU_STATUS_OK;
/* no zlp? */
value = RET_ZLP;
break;
default:
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuERROR;
value = RET_STALL;
break;
}
return value;
}
static dfu_state_fn dfu_state[] = {
state_app_idle, /* DFU_STATE_appIDLE */
state_app_detach, /* DFU_STATE_appDETACH */
state_dfu_idle, /* DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE */
state_dfu_dnload_sync, /* DFU_STATE_dfuDNLOAD_SYNC */
state_dfu_dnbusy, /* DFU_STATE_dfuDNBUSY */
state_dfu_dnload_idle, /* DFU_STATE_dfuDNLOAD_IDLE */
state_dfu_manifest_sync, /* DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST_SYNC */
state_dfu_manifest, /* DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST */
NULL, /* DFU_STATE_dfuMANIFEST_WAIT_RST */
state_dfu_upload_idle, /* DFU_STATE_dfuUPLOAD_IDLE */
state_dfu_error /* DFU_STATE_dfuERROR */
};
static int
dfu_handle(struct usb_function *f, const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl)
{
struct usb_gadget *gadget = f->config->cdev->gadget;
struct usb_request *req = f->config->cdev->req;
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = f->config->cdev->req->context;
u16 len = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);
u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);
int value = 0;
u8 req_type = ctrl->bRequestType & USB_TYPE_MASK;
debug("w_value: 0x%x len: 0x%x\n", w_value, len);
debug("req_type: 0x%x ctrl->bRequest: 0x%x f_dfu->dfu_state: 0x%x\n",
req_type, ctrl->bRequest, f_dfu->dfu_state);
if (req_type == USB_TYPE_STANDARD) {
if (ctrl->bRequest == USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR &&
(w_value >> 8) == DFU_DT_FUNC) {
value = min(len, (u16) sizeof(dfu_func));
memcpy(req->buf, &dfu_func, value);
}
} else /* DFU specific request */
value = dfu_state[f_dfu->dfu_state] (f_dfu, ctrl, gadget, req);
if (value >= 0) {
req->length = value;
req->zero = value < len;
value = usb_ep_queue(gadget->ep0, req, 0);
if (value < 0) {
debug("ep_queue --> %d\n", value);
req->status = 0;
}
}
return value;
}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
static int
dfu_prepare_strings(struct f_dfu *f_dfu, int n)
{
struct dfu_entity *de = NULL;
int i = 0;
f_dfu->strings = calloc(sizeof(struct usb_string), n + 1);
if (!f_dfu->strings)
goto enomem;
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
de = dfu_get_entity(i);
f_dfu->strings[i].s = de->name;
}
f_dfu->strings[i].id = 0;
f_dfu->strings[i].s = NULL;
return 0;
enomem:
while (i)
f_dfu->strings[--i].s = NULL;
free(f_dfu->strings);
return -ENOMEM;
}
static int dfu_prepare_function(struct f_dfu *f_dfu, int n)
{
struct usb_interface_descriptor *d;
int i = 0;
f_dfu->function = calloc(sizeof(struct usb_descriptor_header *), n + 1);
if (!f_dfu->function)
goto enomem;
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
d = calloc(sizeof(*d), 1);
if (!d)
goto enomem;
d->bLength = sizeof(*d);
d->bDescriptorType = USB_DT_INTERFACE;
d->bAlternateSetting = i;
d->bNumEndpoints = 0;
d->bInterfaceClass = USB_CLASS_APP_SPEC;
d->bInterfaceSubClass = 1;
d->bInterfaceProtocol = 2;
f_dfu->function[i] = (struct usb_descriptor_header *)d;
}
f_dfu->function[i] = NULL;
return 0;
enomem:
while (i) {
free(f_dfu->function[--i]);
f_dfu->function[i] = NULL;
}
free(f_dfu->function);
return -ENOMEM;
}
static int dfu_bind(struct usb_configuration *c, struct usb_function *f)
{
struct usb_composite_dev *cdev = c->cdev;
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = func_to_dfu(f);
int alt_num = dfu_get_alt_number();
int rv, id, i;
id = usb_interface_id(c, f);
if (id < 0)
return id;
dfu_intf_runtime.bInterfaceNumber = id;
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_appIDLE;
f_dfu->dfu_status = DFU_STATUS_OK;
rv = dfu_prepare_function(f_dfu, alt_num);
if (rv)
goto error;
rv = dfu_prepare_strings(f_dfu, alt_num);
if (rv)
goto error;
for (i = 0; i < alt_num; i++) {
id = usb_string_id(cdev);
if (id < 0)
return id;
f_dfu->strings[i].id = id;
((struct usb_interface_descriptor *)f_dfu->function[i])
->iInterface = id;
}
to_dfu_mode(f_dfu);
stringtab_dfu.strings = f_dfu->strings;
cdev->req->context = f_dfu;
error:
return rv;
}
static void dfu_unbind(struct usb_configuration *c, struct usb_function *f)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = func_to_dfu(f);
int alt_num = dfu_get_alt_number();
int i;
if (f_dfu->strings) {
i = alt_num;
while (i)
f_dfu->strings[--i].s = NULL;
free(f_dfu->strings);
}
if (f_dfu->function) {
i = alt_num;
while (i) {
free(f_dfu->function[--i]);
f_dfu->function[i] = NULL;
}
free(f_dfu->function);
}
free(f_dfu);
}
static int dfu_set_alt(struct usb_function *f, unsigned intf, unsigned alt)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = func_to_dfu(f);
debug("%s: intf:%d alt:%d\n", __func__, intf, alt);
f_dfu->altsetting = alt;
f_dfu->dfu_state = DFU_STATE_dfuIDLE;
f_dfu->dfu_status = DFU_STATUS_OK;
return 0;
}
static int __dfu_get_alt(struct usb_function *f, unsigned intf)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = func_to_dfu(f);
return f_dfu->altsetting;
}
/* TODO: is this really what we need here? */
static void dfu_disable(struct usb_function *f)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu = func_to_dfu(f);
if (f_dfu->config == 0)
return;
debug("%s: reset config\n", __func__);
f_dfu->config = 0;
}
static int dfu_bind_config(struct usb_configuration *c)
{
struct f_dfu *f_dfu;
int status;
f_dfu = calloc(sizeof(*f_dfu), 1);
if (!f_dfu)
return -ENOMEM;
f_dfu->usb_function.name = "dfu";
f_dfu->usb_function.hs_descriptors = dfu_runtime_descs;
f_dfu->usb_function.descriptors = dfu_runtime_descs;
f_dfu->usb_function.bind = dfu_bind;
f_dfu->usb_function.unbind = dfu_unbind;
f_dfu->usb_function.set_alt = dfu_set_alt;
f_dfu->usb_function.get_alt = __dfu_get_alt;
f_dfu->usb_function.disable = dfu_disable;
f_dfu->usb_function.strings = dfu_generic_strings;
f_dfu->usb_function.setup = dfu_handle;
f_dfu->poll_timeout = DFU_DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT;
status = usb_add_function(c, &f_dfu->usb_function);
if (status)
free(f_dfu);
return status;
}
int dfu_add(struct usb_configuration *c)
{
int id;
id = usb_string_id(c->cdev);
if (id < 0)
return id;
strings_dfu_generic[0].id = id;
dfu_intf_runtime.iInterface = id;
debug("%s: cdev: 0x%p gadget:0x%p gadget->ep0: 0x%p\n", __func__,
c->cdev, c->cdev->gadget, c->cdev->gadget->ep0);
return dfu_bind_config(c);
}
DECLARE_GADGET_BIND_CALLBACK(usb_dnl_dfu, dfu_add);